Bismuth-Carbon Nanotube Composite Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for the Determination of Heavy Metal Ions

Abstract

A new, easy-to-handle, and inexpensive bismuth-carbon nanotube composite modified carbon paste electrode or Bi-CNT/CPE was developed for the simultaneous determination of cadmium(II) and lead(II) ions in an acetate buffer solution (pH 4.5) by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Synthesized through polyol process, Bi-CNT composite served as a source of ready-to-use bismuth and also held unique chemical and physical properties of CNTs. Compared to the previously fabricated Bi-CNT modified glassy carbon electrode (Bi-CNT/GCE), Bi-CNT/CPE exhibited superior electrochemical performance, leading to further optimization of this novel Bi-CNT/CPE for metal-ion detection.

Trace level voltammetric determination of lead and cadmium in sediment pore water by a bismuth-oxychloride particle-multiwalled carbon nanotube composite modified glassy carbon electrode

“…Different designs were elaborated to improve the adhesion of bismuth particles onto / into the substrate, especially those based on carbonaceous materials, which expands the applicability of the respective electrodes at various pH, or to enhance the stability, sensitivity and/or selectivity of the electrode surface [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. There were numerous efforts to improve the sensitivity of bismuth-based working electrodes, including the expansion of the sensor surface via the synthesis of mesoporous bismuthbased materials [41,42], the enlargement of the substrate electrode surface before modification with bismuth [43] and the incorporation of micro/nanoparticles of bismuth or bismuth-composite nanoparticles [20,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53].…”

“…There were numerous efforts to improve the sensitivity of bismuth-based working electrodes, including the expansion of the sensor surface via the synthesis of mesoporous bismuthbased materials [41,42], the enlargement of the substrate electrode surface before modification with bismuth [43] and the incorporation of micro/nanoparticles of bismuth or bismuth-composite nanoparticles [20,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]. Nafion s protective layers [15,20,21,[23][24][25]27,48,51], or other compounds like surfactants [15,21] or complex-forming agents (e.g.…”

“…It is well-known that bismuth-modified carbon nanotube-based electrodes are excellent with respect to electrochemical detection of ultratrace metals [45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. Also, it is known that the combining MWCNTs with Bi 2 O 3 gives rise to composites appropriate as the modifiers of choice for the determination of H 2 O 2 [44], anticoagulant acenocoumarole [53] and antidepressant drug escitalopram [54], as well.…”

Bismuth-Carbon Nanotube Composite Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for the Determination of Heavy Metal Ions

“…As displayed in Table 1, Bi-CNT/CPE gave higher currents per electrode surface area in the stripping analysis than the previously developed Bi-CNT modified glassy carbon electrode (Bi-CNT/GCE), 6 implying high possibility of utilizing this novel, easy-to-handle, and cost-effective Bi-CNT/CPE for on-site monitoring application. Therefore, optimization of several parameters including deposition potential, deposition time, and Bi-CNT:graphite powder ratio, to improve the ability of Bi-CNT/CPE towards the detection of heavy metal ions will be thoroughly discussed.…”

Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in Gasoline Samples Employing a Chemically Modified Acrylonitrile‐Butadiene‐Styrene (ABS) Composite Electrode

“…Bismuth (Bi) has been widely used to modify the working electrode due to several advantages, as reported in some papers [17][18][19][20][21][22], highlighting the ability to form alloys with many metals (for example, Pb 2 + and Cd 2 + ). Various substrates have been used for bismuth film formation, in particular metals such as platinum [23], gold [24], and carbon-based electrodes such as carbon paste [25], glassy carbon [26], or carbon fiber [27].…”