Sensitive monitoring of taurine biomarker in unprocessed human plasma samples using a novel nanocomposite based on poly(aspartic acid) functionalized by graphene quantum dots

Abstract

The rapid and accurate determination of the level of taurine biomarker in various tissues and body fluids can be of great interest in the early diagnosis of several important pathologies and diseases. For the first time, this study reports on the electropolymerization of a low toxic and biocompatible nanocomposite "poly(aspartic acid)-graphene quantum dots (GQDs)" as a novel strategy for surface modification of glassy carbon electrode and preparation a new interface for measurement of taurine. Electrochemical deposition, as a well-controlled synthesis procedure, has been used for subsequently layer-by-layer preparation of GQDs nanostructures on poly(aspartic acid) using cyclic voltammetry techniques in the regime of -1.5 to 2 V. The field emission scanning electron microscopy indicated immobilization of uniformly GQDs onto poly(aspartic acid) film. The modified electrode appeared as an effective electroactivity for detection of taurine biomarker using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and differential pulse voltammetry. Enhancement of peak currents is ascribed to the fast heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics that arise from the synergistic coupling between the excellent properties of poly(aspartic acid) as semiconducting polymer, GQDs as high density of edge plane sites, and subtle electronic characteristics to chemical modification. Under the optimized analysis conditions, the prepared sensor for detection of taurine showed a low limit of quantification 0.001mM. Finally, the resulting prepared sensor allow the quantification of these biomarkers directly in biological samples without need of derivatization schemes or sample pretreatment.

Identification of taurine biomarker in human biofluids using plasmonic patterns of silver nanostructure

“…Most of the reported techniques offer several advantages, including low sensitivity, complex mobile phases, and time-consuming extraction procedures with limited applicability. A summary of the results obtained in this study compared with previously reported works is presented in Table 1, 39–45 showing that the developed method has certain advantages over previous approaches in terms of stability, suitable surface area, and feasible biological activity. Notably, our study's strengths include the utilization of a calorimetric chemosensing procedure to detect taurine in urine and blood samples for the first time.…”

Do amino acid functionalization stratagems on carbonaceous quantum dots imply multiple applications? A comprehensive review

“…This shows that aspartic acid-functionalized GQDs have potential applications in electrochemical sensors. 89 …”

Carbon Nanodots in Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Review

“…A list of applications of CNDs based electrochemical sensors for amino acids sensing and important DNA/RNA bases. Target Method Linear range Detection limit Refs. MIB/Au/ERGQD/GCE GSH DPV 0.03-1300.0 μM 9 nM [240] CTAB-AuNRs-GQDs/GCE GSH amperometry 0.5-7 μM 0.23 μM [241] GQDs/β-CD/GCE TRP isomers DPV -- [237] N-CDs/β-CD/GCE TRP isomers DPV [242] Fe FF/GQDs)/CS/CTAB TRP enantiomers DPV -- [244] GQDs-CS/GCE TRP enantiomers DPV -- [245] GQDs-TA/GCE TRP enantiomers DPV -- [246] NH β-CD-GQD/GCE L-Cys DPV 0.01-2 mM - [255] PPy/GQDs@PB/GF L-Cys amperometry 0.2-1000 μM 0.15 μM [236] rCDs-CS/PB/ITO L-Cys amperometry -- [256] Poly-L-cysteine/GQD/GNPs/GCE L-P DPV 0.5 nM-10 mM 0.1 nM [257] Poly(aspartic acid)-GQDs/GCE Taurine DPV -0.001 mM [258] AgNPs/GQD/GCE G A an electrochemical redox probe in order to bind to double stranded DNA (dsDNA) specifically. [284] In another example, an aptasensor is designed for hepatitis C virus (HCV) core antigen measurement.…”