“…License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 such as MXenes 10 , metasurfaces 11 , a new background subtraction strategy 12 , and the use of plasmonics for the detection of target biomarkers in saliva and diluted whole blood 13 . Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic enabled the validation of portable sensing platforms such as fiber-optics-based SPR sensors 14 , smartphone-based LSPR detection synchronized with machine learning (ML) 15 , and lightweight SPR sensors with simple graphical user interface [16][17][18] . As such, SPR sensors were developed to measure antibody titer 17,19 , combined antibody affinity and titer measurements 18,20,21 , and viral proteins 22,23 .…”