Sensing beyond the limit

Ingebrandt, Sven

doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.199

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In this context, the direct current (DC) as well as the alternating current (AC) read-out of the FETs has been elaborated and the influence of a biomembrane attached to the transistor gate structure has been described [ 11 ]. For the detection of slightly bigger molecules extending beyond the EDL in physiological solutions, a more sophisticated impedimetric read-out (AC measurement) was introduced, where the transfer function for BioFETs provides more accurate information [ 12 – 14 ]. In very recent work, a theoretical foundation has also been provided and AC recordings at very high frequency (>10 MHz) with a capacitive coupling approach has shown superior performance compared with DC recording or AC recording at lower frequency levels (about 10 kHz) [ 13 ].…”

Section: Biologically Sensitive Field-effect Transistors (Biofets)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biologically sensitive field-effect transistors: from ISFETs to NanoFETs

Pachauri

Ingebrandt

2016

Essays in Biochemistry

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106

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Biologically sensitive field-effect transistors (BioFETs) are one of the most abundant classes of electronic sensors for biomolecular detection. Most of the time these sensors are realized as classical ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) having non-metallized gate dielectrics facing an electrolyte solution. In ISFETs, a semiconductor material is used as the active transducer element covered by a gate dielectric layer which is electronically sensitive to the (bio-)chemical changes that occur on its surface. This review will provide a brief overview of the history of ISFET biosensors with general operation concepts and sensing mechanisms. We also discuss silicon nanowire-based ISFETs (SiNW FETs) as the modern nanoscale version of classical ISFETs, as well as strategies to functionalize them with biologically sensitive layers. We include in our discussion other ISFET types based on nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, metal oxides and so on. The latest examples of highly sensitive label-free detection of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules using SiNW FETs and single-cell recordings for drug screening and other applications of ISFETs will be highlighted. Finally, we suggest new device platforms and newly developed, miniaturized read-out tools with multichannel potentiometric and impedimetric measurement capabilities for future biomedical applications.

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Section: Biologically Sensitive Field-effect Transistors (Biofets)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biologically sensitive field-effect transistors: from ISFETs to NanoFETs

Pachauri

Ingebrandt

2016

Essays in Biochemistry

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106

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“…In this context of integrated impedance biosensors, high frequencies of operation is a noted obstacle [18] [19][20] [21], which impedes overcoming the screening by the electrical double layer (EDL) and probing analytes far beyond one Debye length from the surface [22]. As a result of operation at relatively low frequencies, the response of existing systems is mostly sensitive to surface chemical processes and analytes in close proximity to the sensor's surface, that is within the EDL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A CMOS Pixelated Nanocapacitor Biosensor Platform for High-Frequency Impedance Spectroscopy and Imaging

Widdershoven

Cossettini

Laborde

et al. 2018

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst.

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We describe the realization of a fully-electronic label-free temperature-controlled biosensing platform aimed to overcome the Debye screening limit over a wide range of electrolyte salt concentrations. It is based on an improved version of a 90 nm CMOS integrated circuit featuring a nanocapacitor array, readout and A/D conversion circuitry, and an FPGA-based interface board with NIOS II soft processor. We describe the chip's processing, the mounting, the microfluidics, the temperature control system, as well as the calibration and compensation procedures to reduce systematic errors, which altogether make up a complete quantitative sensor platform. Capacitance spectra recorded up to 50-70 MHz are shown and successfully compared to predictions by FEM numerical simulations in the Poisson-Drift-Diffusion formalism. They demonstrate the ability of the chip to reach high upper frequency of operation, thus overcoming the low-frequency Debye screening limit at nearly physiological salt concentrations in the electrolyte, and allowing for detection of events occurring beyond the extent of the electrical double layer. Furthermore, calibrated multi-frequency measurements enable quantitative recording of capacitance spectra, whose features can reveal new properties of the analytes. The scalability of the electrode dimensions, inter-electrode pitch and size of the array make this sensing approach of quite general applicability, even in a non-bio context (e.g. gas sensing).

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“…[172] The use of AC excitation to measure beyond the Debye length with FETs was first proposed by Kulkarni and Zhong using carbon nanotube FETs. As pointed out by Ingebrandt, [184] the use of this technique with nanoscale sensors might be of a significant impact for biosensing (Figure 11b). Biotin binding on a streptavidin layer above the Debye length in 100 × 10 −3 m ionic strength buffer could be sensed.…”

Section: Alternative Measurement Modesmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…The right sketch shows the proposed mechanism, by which hypoxia stimulates Ca 2+ uptake, which further triggers dopamine release. [184] Copyright 2015, Nature Publishing Group. Adapted with permission.…”

Section: Alternative Measurement Modesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Silicon Nanowire Devices and Their Functional Diversity

et al. 2019

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In the pool of nanostructured materials, silicon nanostructures are known as conventionally used building blocks of commercially available electronic devices. Their application areas span from miniaturized elements of devices and circuits to ultrasensitive biosensors for diagnostics. In this Review, the current trends in the developments of silicon nanowire‐based devices are summarized, and their functionalities, novel architectures, and applications are discussed from the point of view of analog electronics, arisen from the ability of (bio)chemical gating of the carrier channel. Hybrid nanowire‐based devices are introduced and described as systems decorated by, e.g., organic complexes (biomolecules, polymers, and organic films), aimed to substantially extend their functionality, compared to traditional systems. Their functional diversity is explored considering their architecture as well as areas of their applications, outlining several groups of devices that benefit from the coatings. The first group is the biosensors that are able to represent label‐free assays thanks to the attached biological receptors. The second group is represented by devices for optoelectronics that acquire higher optical sensitivity or efficiency due to the specific photosensitive decoration of the nanowires. Finally, the so‐called new bioinspired neuromorphic devices are shown, which are aimed to mimic the functions of the biological cells, e.g., neurons and synapses.

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Sensing beyond the limit

Cited by 24 publications

References 10 publications

Biologically sensitive field-effect transistors: from ISFETs to NanoFETs

Biologically sensitive field-effect transistors: from ISFETs to NanoFETs

A CMOS Pixelated Nanocapacitor Biosensor Platform for High-Frequency Impedance Spectroscopy and Imaging

Hybrid Silicon Nanowire Devices and Their Functional Diversity

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