Senile Changes in the Middle Ear Joints

Etholm, B.; Belal, A

doi:10.1177/000348947408300109

Cited by 57 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Willi (2003) describes a trend of a decrease of 457 sound transmission at higher frequencies (> 3 kHz) with age in fresh human temporal bones, 458 which would have to be confirmed in further measurements. Several morphological 459 parameters of the IMJ may change with age including hyalinization or calcification of the 460 joint capsule, thinning and calcification of the articular cartilage, thinning and calcification of 461 the disc, and arthritis resulting in narrowing or obliteration of the joint space (Gussen, 1971; 462 Etholm and Belal, 1974). In addition, the amount of elastic fibers in the joint capsule tends to 463 decrease with age (Harty, 1953), which may result in a reduction of the joint tension.…”

Section: Quantification Of the Imj Mobility 211mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The IMJ connects the articular surfaces of the malleus and incus and has a twisted 41 saddle shape (Helmholtz 1863;Etholm and Belal, 1974;Sim and Puria, 2008). It has 42 previously been described in the literature as a synovial joint (diarthrodial joint/diarthrosis) 43 (Politzer, 1884;Harty, 1953Harty, , 1964Etholm and Belal, 1974;Schuknecht, 1974;Marquet, 44 1981; Hüttenbrink and Pfautsch, 1987;FICAT, 1998;Sim and Puria, 2008).…”

Section: Introduction 36mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has 42 previously been described in the literature as a synovial joint (diarthrodial joint/diarthrosis) 43 (Politzer, 1884;Harty, 1953Harty, , 1964Etholm and Belal, 1974;Schuknecht, 1974;Marquet, 44 1981; Hüttenbrink and Pfautsch, 1987;FICAT, 1998;Sim and Puria, 2008). According to the 45 literature, the IMJ is encapsulated by fibrous structures along its borders and contains 46 synovial fluid inside the capsule, without the muscular components that are present in skeletal 47 joints.…”

Section: Introduction 36mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contribution of the incudo-malleolar joint to middle-ear sound transmission

et al. 2015

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The malleus and incus in the human middle ear are linked by the incudo-malleolar joint (IMJ). The mobility of the human IMJ under physiologically relevant acoustic stimulation and its functional role in middle-ear sound transmission are still debated. In this study, spatial stapes motions were measured during acoustic stimulation (0.25-8 kHz) in six fresh human temporal bones for two conditions of the IMJ: (1) normal IMJ and (2) IMJ with experimentally-reduced mobility. Stapes velocity was measured at multiple points on the footplate using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometry (SLDV) system, and the 3D motion components were calculated under both conditions of the IMJ. The artificial reduction of the IMJ mobility was confirmed by measuring the relative motion between the malleus and the incus. The magnitudes of the piston-like motion of the stapes increased with the reduced IMJ mobility above 2 kHz. The increase was frequency dependent and was prominent from 2 to 4 kHz and at 5.5 kHz. The magnitude ratios of the rocking-like motions to the piston-like motion were similar for both IMJ conditions. The frequency-dependent change of the piston-like motion after the reduction of the IMJ mobility suggests that the IMJ is mobile under physiologically relevant levels of acoustic stimulation, especially at frequencies above 2 kHz. The malleus and incus in the human middle ear are linked by the incudo-malleolar joint 10 (IMJ). The mobility of the human IMJ under physiologically relevant acoustic stimulation and 11 its functional role in middle-ear sound transmission are still debated. In this study, spatial 12 stapes motions were measured during acoustic stimulation (0.25-8 kHz) in six fresh human 13 temporal bones for two conditions of the IMJ: (1) normal IMJ and (2) IMJ with 14 experimentally-reduced mobility. Stapes velocity was measured at multiple points on the 15 footplate using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometry (SLDV) system, and the 3D motion 16 components were calculated under both conditions of the IMJ. The artificial reduction of the 17 IMJ mobility was confirmed by measuring the relative motion between the malleus and the 18 incus. The magnitudes of the piston-like motion of the stapes increased with the reduced IMJ 19 mobility above 2 kHz. The increase was frequency dependent and was prominent from 2-4 20 kHz and at 5.5 kHz. The magnitude ratios of the rocking-like motions to the piston-like 21 motion were similar for both IMJ conditions. The frequency-dependent change of the piston-22 like motion after the reduction of the IMJ mobility suggests that the IMJ is mobile under 23 physiologically relevant levels of acoustic stimulation, especially at frequencies above 2 kHz. 24 2

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Section: Quantification Of the Imj Mobility 211mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction 36mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction 36mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contribution of the incudo-malleolar joint to middle-ear sound transmission

et al. 2015

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“…Changes in the outer and middle ear associated with aging have been documented in the literature. These may include collapsing of the cartilaginous external auditory canal (Randolph and Schow 1983), stiffening of the tympanic membrane and ossicular chain (Etholm and Belal 1974;Ruah et al 1991). Hinojosa and Naunton (1980) summarized a number of tissue changes in the aging ear canal including a reduction of epithelial cell production, aging of extracellular substances (elastic tissue, cartilage, and bone), and extracellular deposition of various materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and Gender Effects on Wideband Absorbance in Adults With Normal Outer and Middle Ear Function

Mazlan

Kei

et al. 2015

J Speech Lang Hear Res

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Abbreviations: EAwere assessed. Energy absorbance (EA) data were collected at 30 frequencies using a prototype commercial instrument developed by Interacoustics. Results: Results showed that young adults had significantly lower EA from 400 Hz to 560 Hz than the middle-aged group. However, the middle-age group showed significantly lower EA between 2240 Hz and 5040 Hz than the young adult group. Additionally, the elderly had significantly lower EA than the young adult group between 2520 to 5040 Hz. No significance difference in EA was found at any frequency between middle-aged and older adults. Across age groups, gender differences were found with males having significantly higher EA values than females at lower frequencies, whereas females had significantly higher EA at higher frequencies. Conclusions: This study has provided evidence of the influence of gender and age on EA in adults with normal outer and middle ear function. These findings support the importance of establishing age-and gender-specific EA norms for the adult population. Wideband Energy Absorbance in Adults

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“…127 'Moderate' to 'severe' arthritic changes in the malleo-incudal joint were found in all 36 ears taken from individuals older than 70 years, and also in a significant proportion of younger ears, although the donors showed no clinical evidence of middle-ear disease. 126 If flexibility decreases acoustic transmission, joint fusion may increase the sound intensities to which the cochlea is exposed; it is interesting in this regard to note that elderly people are at increased risk of noise-induced hearing loss. 128 A histological study of rheumatoid arthritis has also suggested malleo-incudal and incudo-stapedial joint involvement, 129 and the expected increase in stiffness of the middle ear has been documented.…”

Section: Flexibility and Pressure-bufferingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexibility within the middle ears of vertebrates

Mason

Farr

2012

J. Laryngol. Otol.

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Introduction and aims: Tympanic middle ears have evolved multiple times independently among vertebrates, and share common features. We review flexibility within tympanic middle ears and consider its physiological and clinical implications.Comparative anatomy: The chain of conducting elements is flexible: even the 'single ossicle' ears of most nonmammalian tetrapods are functionally 'double ossicle' ears due to mobile articulations between the stapes and extrastapes; there may also be bending within individual elements.Simple models: Simple models suggest that flexibility will generally reduce the transmission of sound energy through the middle ear, although in certain theoretical situations flexibility within or between conducting elements might improve transmission. The most obvious role of middle-ear flexibility is to protect the inner ear from high-amplitude displacements.Clinical implications: Inter-ossicular joint dysfunction is associated with a number of pathologies in humans. We examine attempts to improve prosthesis design by incorporating flexible components.

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Senile Changes in the Middle Ear Joints

Cited by 57 publications

References 4 publications

Contribution of the incudo-malleolar joint to middle-ear sound transmission

Contribution of the incudo-malleolar joint to middle-ear sound transmission

Age and Gender Effects on Wideband Absorbance in Adults With Normal Outer and Middle Ear Function

Flexibility within the middle ears of vertebrates

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