Semiconducting Polymer Nanospheres in Aqueous Dispersion Prepared by a Miniemulsion Process

Abstract

A miniemulsion process has been used to create layers of conjugated semiconducting polymers from aqueous suspensions. Layers of particles with sizes ranging between 70 and 250 nm can be formed and annealing results in coalescing of the particles into large homogeneous domains (see Figure for a photoluminescence image of a Me‐LPPP layer).

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“…The polymer chloroform droplets constitute the dispersed phase with an aqueous continuous phase. This is a modification of the usual method for generating polymer nanoparticles where the dispersed phase was liquid monomer; this alternative method was first reported by Landfester and Kietzke [17,18]. Immediately after miniemulsification, the solvent is removed from the dispersed droplets via evaporation, leaving polymer nanoparticles.…”

“…The earliest reports of semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed in water showed that conductive coatings could be prepared by mixing colloidal (10-100 nm diameter) conducting polymer in a latex base [15,16]. In 2002, work by Landfester et al showed that conjugated semiconducting polymers could be deposited from aqueous dispersions prepared by the miniemulsion process [17]. In 2003, Kietzke et al reported the first OPV devices based on nanoparticles (50-250 nm diameter) of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole (F8BT) and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-N,N'-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine) (PFB) semi-conducting polymers.…”

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“…(i) Initially, CPNs were prepared via an emulsion technique that was described by Landfester and co-workers [101][102][103][104]. The polymer solution is added into surfactant-containing water, and the mixture is sonicated for a short time until a homogeneous size distribution of the droplets is obtained in the resulting miniemulsion.…”

“…The initial PF-based nanoparticles of PF-01c (PF2/6), PF-01d (PF1112) and PF-02 (Me-ladder-type poly(para-phenylene); Me-LPPP) were prepared via the miniemulsion method by Landfester et al [104]. The sizes of the CPNs range from 50 to 250 nm.…”

“…PF-CPNs can be further functionalized by cross-linking, blending, encapsulation and surface modification (figure 4), which have more advantages over the precursor nanoparticles for [104]; PF-01a and 06 from [177]; PF-01e and 15 from [111]; PF-07 from [182]; PF-09a, 09b and 9c from [183,184]; PF-04a from [111,185]; PF-04c from [186]; PF-04e, 08a and 08b from [187,188]; PF-10a from [189]; PF-01b from [190]; PF-01c from [191]; PF-03c from [192]; PF-03d and 3e from [193]; PF-04b from [194]; PF-10b from [195]; PF-16 from [176]; PF-17a from [180]; PF-17b from [173]; PF-04a and PF-05 or PF-01f and PF-02 from [163]; PF-3a, 3b and 12b from [196,197]; PF-11 from [198]; PF-12a from [199]; PF-18 from [200]; PF-13 from [201]; and PF-14b-14e from [202]. (Online version in colour.)…”