Fluorene-based macromolecular nanostructures and nanomaterials for organic (opto)electronics

Abstract

Nanotechnology not only opens up the realm of nanoelectronics and nanophotonics, but also upgrades organic thin-film electronics and optoelectronics. In this review, we introduce polymer semiconductors and plastic electronics briefly, followed by various top-down and bottom-up nano approaches to organic electronics. Subsequently, we highlight the progress in polyfluorene-based nanoparticles and nanowires (nanofibres), their tunable optoelectronic properties as well as their applications in polymer light-emitting devices, solar cells, field-effect transistors, photodetectors, lasers, optical waveguides and others. Finally, an outlook is given with regard to four-element complex devices via organic nanotechnology and molecular manufacturing that will spread to areas such as organic mechatronics in the framework of robotic-directed science and technology.

Synthesis and properties of fluorenyl-pyridinyl alternatingcopolymers for light-emitting diodes

“…Polyfluorene derivatives are promising electroluminescent polymers for light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) because of their thermal and chemical stability, good solubility in common organic solvents and high fluorescence quantum yields in the solid state . However, a major problem with polyfluorenes concerns their tendency to form long‐wavelength aggregates/excimers in the solid state, resulting in an additional emission band in the long‐wavelength region and a concomitant drop in electroluminescence (EL) quantum efficiency …”

Photo-induced proton transfer in fluorene- and carbazole-based compounds as red- and orange-light-emitting molecules: A TD-DFT study

“…Many possible applications of fluorene and its heteroanalogues, namely, carbazole, dibenzofuran, and dibenzothiophene, making use of their photochemical features have been described in recent times. The useful electronic properties of these materials make them promising candidates for use in such diverse technologies as organic light-emitting diodes, thin-film transistors, chemical sensors, photovoltaics, photorefractives, holography, electronic data storage, and electroluminescent devices [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. The nanofibrils fabricated from the carbazole exhibit strong blue fluorescence upon excitation under UV light.…”

One-step preparation of conjugated homopolymer sub-microspheresviaa controllable supramolecular approach toward optoelectronic applications

“…For example, it not only controls the energy transfer, charge separation and photophysical characteristics of CPs by manipulating molecular self-assembly behaviour, but also simplies the fabrication processes of exible optoelectronic devices. 6,7 Among various CP-based multi-dimensional micro/ nanostructures, conjugated polymer sub-microspheres (CPSMs) can be used as microscopic building blocks to fabricate organic optoelectronic devices by high-throughput ecofriendly solution processing, 8,9 particularly the self-assembly of three dimensional (3D) photonic crystals. 10,11 Other than the sub-microspheres prepared from conventional non-conjugated or doped polymers, [12][13][14] CPSMs-based photonic crystals are expected to show enhanced electroluminescence (EL), no-threshold laser oscillation, and highly efficient photoelectric conversion, [15][16][17][18] such as long-lived excitons, and light connement.…”

“…Up to date, the majority of reported polymer micro/ nanoparticles was constructed by direct polymerization techniques, such as dispersion and miniemulsion polymerization, 3,6,21 or post-polymerization method (multi-steps mini-emulsication and precipitation). 10,11,22 In order to fabricate conjugated polymer micro/nanoparticle's active lms or mesoscopic structure, it need multi-steps purication to remove stabilizer for mini-emulsication (diameters ranging from 100 nm to several micrometres) and/or slowly dry a suspension to distribute/pack particles on precleaned substrates for the precipitation method (sizes ranging from several nanometres to hundreds nanometres) attributed to the lower particles concentration in precursor suspension.…”