Semi-suspension technology for preparation of tetrabasic lead sulfate pastes for lead-acid batteries

Study on synthesis and application of tetrabasic lead sulfate as the positive active material additive for lead-acid batteries

“…This shows that the addition of 4BS to plate leads to increase in the conversion rate of lead dioxide. As indicated in previous studies [8][9][10]16], α-PbO 2 is advantageous for the performance of batteries, especially their cycle life, and adding 4BS as crystal seeds increases the content of α-PbO 2 in the lead plates after formation. discharge capacity of the test batteries (B-1 and B-2) with 1 wt% 4BS added is lower about 2.3% than that of the traditional batteries (A-1 and A-2).…”

“…Through the studies of Pavlov et al . [16,17], they considered that the mixing lead paste temperature can determine the proportion of 3BS and 4BS in the positive lead paste. And they all found that the proportion of 4BS in the lead paste was increased with the rising of temperature.…”

“…In the early days, many researchers [10] tried to get the increased amount of 4BS in the positive paste by the high-temperature paste manufacture or the high-temperature curing process, so that the mechanical strength of the positive plate could become higher and the cycle life could be lengthened [14,15]. Through the studies of Pavlov et al [16,17], they considered that the mixing lead paste temperature can determine the proportion of 3BS and 4BS in the positive lead paste. And they all found that the proportion of 4BS in the lead paste was increased with the rising of temperature.…”

High-performance porous lead/graphite composite electrode for bipolar lead-acid batteries

“…This is mainly because that, firstly, in curing process, the volume of active material will be changed owing to the evolution of crystalline structure inside the active material [14,15] and reduce the binding strength between the active material and the substrate. It needs corrosion resistant substrate and good electrode structure to obtain excellent electrochemical properties.…”

“…But from our previous studies, we found that the electrochemical properties of thicker electrode plate (over 1 mm) were very poor. This is mainly because that, firstly, in curing process, the volume of active material will be changed owing to the evolution of crystalline structure inside the active material [14,15] and reduce the binding strength between the active material and the substrate. Then, the diffusion of the electrolyte into the active material becomes more difficult owing to the change of the transmission distance and porosity.…”