Semantic Priming From Crowded Words

Yeh, Su‐Ling; He, Sheng; Cavanagh, Patrick

doi:10.1177/0956797611434746

Cited by 63 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In support of these findings, another recent study found that illusory contour formation, a process that relies on the configuration of the inducer stimuli, can also survive crowding of the individual inducers (Lau and Cheung, 2012) [but see (Banno and Saiki, 2012) for data suggesting that size information does not survive crowding]. Further, crowded objects can unconsciously influence behavior by priming subsequent responses (Faivre and Kouider, 2011; Yeh et al, 2012) and biasing preferences (Kouider et al, 2011). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Thus, while the general idea of involuntary pooling captures many aspects of crowding and likely plays a role, over integration is not the whole story. Other models of crowding, including substitution (Wolford, 1975; Chastain, 1982) and contrast-gain or masking based models (Krumhansl and Thomas, 1977; Chastain, 1981; Petrov and Popple, 2007) are not more successful; they similarly require that information about crowded objects is lost or substantively modified, a prediction that has been overturned (Faivre and Kouider, 2011; Fischer and Whitney, 2011; Kouider et al, 2011; Lau and Cheung, 2012; Yeh et al, 2012). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The hierarchical sparse selection model of visual crowding

Chaney

Fischer

Whitney

2014

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

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Because the environment is cluttered, objects rarely appear in isolation. The visual system must therefore attentionally select behaviorally relevant objects from among many irrelevant ones. A limit on our ability to select individual objects is revealed by the phenomenon of visual crowding: an object seen in the periphery, easily recognized in isolation, can become impossible to identify when surrounded by other, similar objects. The neural basis of crowding is hotly debated: while prevailing theories hold that crowded information is irrecoverable – destroyed due to over-integration in early stage visual processing – recent evidence demonstrates otherwise. Crowding can occur between high-level, configural object representations, and crowded objects can contribute with high precision to judgments about the “gist” of a group of objects, even when they are individually unrecognizable. While existing models can account for the basic diagnostic criteria of crowding (e.g., specific critical spacing, spatial anisotropies, and temporal tuning), no present model explains how crowding can operate simultaneously at multiple levels in the visual processing hierarchy, including at the level of whole objects. Here, we present a new model of visual crowding—the hierarchical sparse selection (HSS) model, which accounts for object-level crowding, as well as a number of puzzling findings in the recent literature. Counter to existing theories, we posit that crowding occurs not due to degraded visual representations in the brain, but due to impoverished sampling of visual representations for the sake of perception. The HSS model unifies findings from a disparate array of visual crowding studies and makes testable predictions about how information in crowded scenes can be accessed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The hierarchical sparse selection model of visual crowding

Chaney

Fischer

Whitney

2014

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

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“…The semantic representations of words are quickly activated (Cave & Batty, 2006), even without awareness (Yang & Yeh, 2011;Yeh, He, & Cavanagh, 2012) and evaluated in terms of the strength of their emotional valences (e.g., threat; LeDoux, 1996;Mathews & Mackintosh, 1998). Words associated with negative emotion tend to receive attentional priority (Mathews & Mackintosh, 1998).…”

Section: Emotion-specific Accountsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early attentional bias for negative words when competition is induced

Yeh

2016

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Previous research (Zeelenberg, Wagenmakers, & Rotteveel, 2006) revealed that emotionally meaningful words were identified significantly better than neutral words, with no difference between positive and negative words. Since in that study only a single target word was displayed at a time, we hypothesized that the equivalent performances for positive and negative words were due to a lack of competition. To test this, in our Experiment 1, we replicated Zeelenberg and colleagues' finding, using emotion-laden Chinese words and the identical data-limited method, which measured the accuracy of a briefly shown target. We then introduced competition in Experiment 2 by simultaneously presenting two words during the target frame, and found evidence for an early attentional bias to negative words. In Experiment 3, we confirmed that the bias in Experiment 2 was not due to the inevitable repetition of stimuli. Taken together, these results support our hypothesis that, in the presence of competition, negative words receive attentional priority and consequently have enhanced perceptual representations.

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“…In one recent study, Yeh et al (2012) rendered unrecognizable a single-character Chinese word that was presented in the periphery by surrounding it with other non-words. The crowded target word was perceived within the jumble as 'something there', though it could not be identified and could not be classified as either a word or a non-word.…”

Section: Priming Under Visual Crowdingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unconscious Grouping of Chinese Characters: Evidence from Object-based Attention

Lin

Yeh

2015

Language and Linguistics

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To show that, in reading, a fundamental and unconscious perceptual process occurs beyond the current fixation, we examined whether peripherally presented characters of Chinese words in such extreme viewing conditions could be grouped when some characters were rendered invisible while others were visible. We presented a pair of two-character Chinese words and indexed whether the visible and invisible characters that formed a word could be grouped together by the effect of same-object advantage-an index used to indicate the formation of perceptual grouping and the basis for attentional selection (i.e. object-based attention). Results revealed a difference in the judgments of prior entry that would otherwise be equivalent between two concurrent targets in a cued temporal-order judgment task: the target that appeared in the cued word was judged to appear first more frequently than the other target that appeared in the uncued word. The results suggest that a perceptual grouping was formed for two-character words between visible and invisible constituent characters. While grouping within two-character words occurred, the invisible characters remained invisible in most of the trials, suggesting that this grouping occurred unconsciously. This implies that, in reading, characters presented in the peripheral region can be grouped into words even without the readers' awareness of all the constituent characters, and such unconscious grouping can facilitate fluent reading by aggregating the texts into fewer meaningful units and thus reduce the number of fixations needed.

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Semantic Priming From Crowded Words

Cited by 63 publications

References 40 publications

The hierarchical sparse selection model of visual crowding

The hierarchical sparse selection model of visual crowding

Early attentional bias for negative words when competition is induced

Unconscious Grouping of Chinese Characters: Evidence from Object-based Attention

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