Semantic conditioning and generalization of the galvanic skin response-orienting reflex with overt and covert activity.

Maltzman, Irving; Gould, Jay E.; Pendery, Mary; Wolff, Craig

doi:10.1037/0096-3445.106.2.172

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…First, there is the continued theoretical and experimental ambiguity associated with the concept of arousal (Lacey, 1967;Maitzman, 1975;Naatanen, 1973) and the absence of an acceptable measure of arousal in the present experiment. Second, results from other experiments have demonstrated the importance of significance as a predeterminer of the GSR index of the OR when differential contributions of arousal were clearly not involved (Maltzman et al, 1977;.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stimulus significance is one of these complex determiners. It is particularly evident when established by instructions that impart signal value to stimuli, that is, instructions to perform an overt (Luria & Vinogradova, 1959;Maltzman & Raskin, 1965 or covert act on signal (Maltzman, Gould, Pendery, & Wolff, 1977;Maltzman & Raskin, 1965. Aside from occasional failures (e.g., Barry, 1977;Becker & Shapiro, 1980), which may be due to complexity of instructions and to difficulty in specifying the essential variables contained in instructions, as well as a variety of other methodological problems, the great majority of experiments report that signal value does enhance the psychophysiological changes reflecting an OR (e.g., Latash, 1968;Luria, 1973;Luria & Homskaya, 1970;Luria & Vinogradova, 1959;Maltzman, Gould, Barnett, Raskin, & Wolff, 1979;Sokolov, 1963).…”

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Novelty and significance as determiners of the GSR index of the orienting reflex

Maltzman

Langdon

1982

Psychobiology

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Fifty-six students in each of two groups heard an innocuous tone of constant interstimulus interval (lSI) repeatedly presented. Half the students were instructed to sit quietly and listen. whereas for half the students the tone was a signal in a reaction time experiment. The GSR was recorded continuously throughout the experiment. Following training with a constant lSI, the tone was presented in a temporal generalization test series with shorter and longer ISIs. Response speed manifested a symmetrical gradient of generalization on all generalization test series. The greater the change in lSI, the slower the response speed. On the first temporal generalization test, the GSR induced by the signal stimuli showed a symmetrical gradient, whereas generalization to nonsignificant stimuli was asymmetrical, with only longer ISIs showing increased GSR responsivity. Temporal generalization to the significant stimuli also developed an asymmetry after repeated training and generalization test series. These results suggest that the effects of novelty are at least in part dependent for their appearance upon the significance of the stimuli involved.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Novelty and significance as determiners of the GSR index of the orienting reflex

Maltzman

Langdon

1982

Psychobiology

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“…In a review of the Soviet classical conditioning literature, Razran (1957) reported that UR magnitude is used as a measure of US effectiveness. In this country, it has been found that UR magnitude is also predictive of CR efficacy (Maltzman et al, 1977). Therefore, it may be concluded that UR magnitude can be used as a way of assessing whether or not a light stimulus functions as an effective US in producing conditioned alpha blocking or generating CRs for other classically conditioned response systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Harvey and Wickens (1971) reported that, for the GSR response system, instructions influenced CR efficacy through UR magnitude. Maltzman and his associates (Maltzman et al, 1977) also found that it was possible to use UR magnitude as a way to predict the occurrence of CRs in a semantic conditioning study of the GSR response system. These investigators found better semantic conditioning for the subjects who demonstrated effective UR magnitudes prior to the start of the conditioning study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, Harvey and Wickens (1971) found that for the GSR response system, instructions influenced the magnitude of the UR, and it was through this link that CR efficacy may have been altered. Maltzman, Gould, Pendery, and Wolff (1977) reported that UR magnitude was an accurate predictor of CRs for a semantic conditioning study using the GSR response system. These investigators found better semantic conditioning in subjects showing effective UR magnitudes that were measured before the start of the conditioning trials.…”

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Instructions influence UR magnitude and conditioned alpha blocking

Braggio

Putney

1980

Psychobiology

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This study tried to assess the effects of instructions on conditioned alpha blocking. To do this, an equal number of college students were first assigned to an informed group (lG) or an uninformed group (UIG) and administered the same number and sequence of pseudoconditioning, conditioning, and extinction trials, using one of three different light intensities. The reinforcing property of a light US was also assessed by measuring UR magnitude in pseudoconditioning for individual subjects; the college students were later grouped with respect to the presence of low or high URs. It was found that UR magnitude, not US intensity, was predictive of conditioned alpha blocking. Nonetheless, conditioned alpha blocking occurred only for the subjects in the UIG who had low URs. For this group, conditioI1ed alpha blocking was manifested as an increased effectiveness of the CS in blocking the alpha rhythm following a series of paired CS-US trials, and longer latencies of the alpha CR in conditioning and extinction as compared with the OR-produced responses in pseudoconditioning. The use of UR magnitUde as a measure of the effectiveness of the US in producing conditioned alpha blocking and the effects of instructions on the conditionability of the EEG response system are discussed.Following an early report by Cook and Harris (1937) showing that instructions can be as effective as paired CS-US trials in producing a GSR, there has been a revived interest in examining the role of instructions in classical conditioning (Dawson & Furedy, 1976 found that for the GSR response system, instructions influenced the magnitude of the UR, and it was through this link that CR efficacy may have been altered. Maltzman, Gould, Pendery, and Wolff (1977) reported that UR magnitude was an accurate predictor of CRs for a semantic conditioning study using the GSR response system. These investigators found better semantic conditioning in subjects showing effective UR magnitudes that were measured before the start of the conditioning trials. In a recently completed study, Braggio and Putney (1980) reported thatJor the EEG response system subjects with low UR magnitudes in pseudoconditioning demonstrated conditioned alpha blocking, while those with high UR magnitudes did not. These results suggest that the reinforcing effects of a given US may depend on one or more subject-defined factors of physiological activation that can be tapped by the UR magnitude factor prior to the start of the conditioning trials (Braggio & Putney, 1980). The purpose of the present experiment was to determine if the conditionability of the EEG response system was influenced by instructions and light intensity; and, if so, were the effect(s) mediated by the UR magnitude variable? METHODSubjects From a presample of 34 college students, a total of 24 undergraduates with a median age of 22.4 years (range 18-28) were 0090-5046/80/030398-07$00.95/0

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Psychophysiologische Untersuchungen des sprachlichen Verhaltens

Dahlmeier¹,

Arnhold²

1986

Sprechwissenschaft &Amp; Psycholinguistik

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Semantic conditioning and generalization of the galvanic skin response-orienting reflex with overt and covert activity.

Cited by 20 publications

References 14 publications

Novelty and significance as determiners of the GSR index of the orienting reflex

Novelty and significance as determiners of the GSR index of the orienting reflex

Instructions influence UR magnitude and conditioned alpha blocking

Psychophysiologische Untersuchungen des sprachlichen Verhaltens

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