SEM analysis of irregular fungal fox spots in an 1854 book: population dynamics and species identification

Florian, Mary-Lou E.; Manning, Lesley

doi:10.1016/s0964-8305(00)00062-7

Cited by 53 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Contrary to the results presented in other works (Florian & Manning, 2000;Rakotonirainy et al, 2007;Manente et al, 2012), SEM analyses revealed minimal evidence of microbiological contamination in the foxed areas, although fungal species were present in the foxed areas (see Microbiological Presence On Paper Samples section). Similar findings were reported by Peters (2000).…”

Section: Sem-eds Analysescontrasting

confidence: 99%

Analytical and Microbiological Characterization of Paper Samples Exhibiting Foxing Stains

et al. 2015

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This work comprises the use of a multi-analytical approach combined with microbiological studies to characterize six paper samples, containing foxing stains, from the 20th century, regarding their cellulose matrix, fillers, and sizing materials, and to evaluate possible paper degradation that might have occurred during the foxing stains. Photography under different illuminations and optical microscopy were used for morphological characterization of the paper samples and foxing stains. Scanning electron microscopy coupled energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was of particular importance for defining the presence of fiber disorder and disruption on the surface of some of the stains, and localized accumulations of mineral-like particles on the surface of others. SEM-EDS, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR), and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) were used for the identification of mineral fillers, whereas sizing agents were analyzed using ATR-FT-IR. EDXRF results showed that no differences, within the standard deviation, were found in iron and copper contents between the foxed and unfoxed areas. Fungi belonging to the genus Penicillium spp. were found in all the paper samples. Unfoxed areas presented lower contamination than the foxed areas.

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Section: Sem-eds Analysescontrasting

confidence: 99%

Analytical and Microbiological Characterization of Paper Samples Exhibiting Foxing Stains

et al. 2015

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“…The occurrence of E. halophilicum has previously been reported in association with library material (Michaelsen et al, 2010;Montanari et al, 2012;Micheluz et al, 2015), and associated with foxing stains on paper by other authors (Gallo and Pasquariello, 1989;Florian and Manning, 2000). However, the last authors reported only the SEM image, and not the identification.…”

Section: Stereomicroscope and Sem Analysesmentioning

confidence: 87%

Amid the possible causes of a very famous foxing: molecular and microscopic insight into Leonardo da Vinci's self‐portrait

Piñar

Tafer

Sterflinger

et al. 2015

Environ Microbiol Rep

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Summary Leonardo da Vinci's self‐portrait is affected by foxing spots. The portrait has no fungal or bacterial infections in place, but is contaminated with airborne spores and fungal material that could play a role in its disfigurement. The knowledge of the nature of the stains is of great concern because future conservation treatments should be derived from scientific investigations. The lack of reliable scientific data, due to the non‐culturability of the microorganisms inhabiting the portrait, prompted the investigation of the drawing using non‐invasive and micro‐invasive sampling, in combination with scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging and molecular techniques. The fungus E urotium halophilicum was found in foxing spots using SEM analyses. Oxalates of fungal origin were also documented. Both findings are consistent with the hypothesis that tonophilic fungi germinate on paper metabolizing organic acids, oligosaccharides and proteic compounds, which react chemically with the material at a low water activity, forming brown products and oxidative reactions resulting in foxing spots. Additionally, molecular techniques enabled a screening of the fungi inhabiting the portrait and showed differences when different sampling techniques were employed. Swabs samples showed a high abundance of lichenized Ascomycota, while the membrane filters showed a dominance of A cremonium sp. colonizing the drawing.

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“…Microscopic observations reveal evidence of fungal growth in some foxed areas and around them (Florian, 1996;Florian and Manning, 2000;Arai, 2000;Montemartini Corte et al, 2003;Choi, 2007). Other authors have detected the presence of bacteria in the foxing spots (De Paolis and Lippi, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution to the characterization of foxing stains on printed books using infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry

Rakotonirainy

Bénaud

Vilmont

2015

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation

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SEM analysis of irregular fungal fox spots in an 1854 book: population dynamics and species identification

Cited by 53 publications

References 22 publications

Analytical and Microbiological Characterization of Paper Samples Exhibiting Foxing Stains

Analytical and Microbiological Characterization of Paper Samples Exhibiting Foxing Stains

Amid the possible causes of a very famous foxing: molecular and microscopic insight into Leonardo da Vinci's self‐portrait

Contribution to the characterization of foxing stains on printed books using infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry

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