Self-Standing Hierarchical P/CNTs@rGO with Unprecedented Capacity and Stability for Lithium and Sodium Storage

Abstract

Red phosphorus (P), which has a high theoretical specific capacity ($2,600 mA hr g À1), low cost, and commercial availability, has been severely limited by large volume variation and poor electrical conductivity for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Here, we fabricate a self-standing P/CNTs@rGO hierarchical structure to effectively resolve the critical issues associated with red P. The self-standing P/CNTs@rGO electrode achieves an unprecedented capacity and thus represents an advanced step toward high-performance P-based anodes for LIBs and SIBs.

Recent Advances in Nanowire‐Based, Flexible, Freestanding Electrodes for Energy Storage

“…[38b] With ah igh mass loading of 3.5 mg cm À2 and ah igh coupling effectb etween NVP@C and CC, the flexible cathode exhibited high energy/ powerd ensities and outstanding rate/cycling performances for sodiums torage. [25] The P/CNTs@rGO composite with the 3D interconnected CNT@rGO network closely incorporating red Pe ffectively, which alleviated the severe volumev ariation of red P, and thus, an unprecedented gravimetric capacity of 2189.1 mAh g À1 for LIBs and 2112 mAh g À1 for SIBs was obtained, even at a high Pc ontent of 70 wt %. [40] The scalable fabrication of freestanding hierarchical P/CNTs@rGO composites with both ultrahigh capacity and outstanding stability for LIBs and SIBs was achieved by the group of Qian ( Figure 5).…”

“…Self-assembly occurs through external forces or additional compound-assisted molecular interactions, such as electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, capillary forces, and hydrophobic interactions. [20] AP /CNT/rGO composite hydrogel [25] was obtained by ball-milling preparation of P/CNT composites followed by ascorbic acid induced assemblyw ith GO at 90 8C. Figure 2b illustrates the formation of a 3D CNT/graphene matrix through as olvothermal-reduction-induced self-assembly process.…”

“…[25,37,38] For example, high-performance flexible LIB cathodes were obtained by in situ growth of LiMn 2 O 4 within the 3D CNT network, in whichc hemical bonding between the carbon scaffold and LiMn 2 O 4 contributed to the enhanced cycling andm echanical stabilities. Carbon NW networks are of significanta dvantage in constructing high-performancef lexible electrode materials.…”

Mild‐Temperature Solution‐Assisted Encapsulation of Phosphorus into ZIF‐8 Derived Porous Carbon as Lithium‐Ion Battery Anode

“…A general strategy is to physically deposit RP in the carbon hosts via an evaporation/condensation process. [ 5–19 ] Note that a necessary high temperature of 500–900 °C is commonly applied in order to ensure the conversion of the bulk RP into the gas phase. In this process, RP sublimates and diffuses in the carbon hosts and finally form a carbon/RP composite.…”

General and Scalable Fabrication of Core–Shell Metal Sulfides@C Anchored on 3D N‐Doped Foam toward Flexible Sodium Ion Batteries

“…Typically, a large number of hierarchical TMSs‐based composite structures, including ɑ ‐MnS@N, S‐NTC, NiS 2 ⊂PCF, Co 9 S 8 ‐QDs@NC, double‐helix structure FeS/CA, FeS 2 @C nanoboxes, and FeS@C nanospheres, have been prepared, and the enhanced sodium storage performances are delivered. It is worth noting that these composites are usually in powder form and need to be incorporated with extra polymer binders, which will introduce highly undesirable interfaces and thus probably negate the benefits of scrupulously designed architectures . Thereafter, it is proposed to further optimize the electrochemical performances by constructing self‐standing and binder‐free TMSs/carbon nanocomposites grown on conductive backbones.…”