Self-Reported Sleep Duration is Associated with the Metabolic Syndrome in Midlife Adults

Abstract

These data suggest that sleep duration is a significant correlate of the metabolic syndrome. Additional studies are needed to evaluate temporal relationships among these measures, the behavioral and physiologic mechanisms that link the two, and their impact on subsequent cardiometabolic disease.

Sleep Duration and Metabolic Syndrome. An Updated Dose–Risk Metaanalysis

“…A total of 18 studies (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39) were selected for inclusion in this metaanalysis. Table E4 outlines the characteristics of study participants.…”

“…Altogether, the included studies enrolled a total population of 75,657 participants. The majority of the studies were from the Far East (22, 24, 26-28, 31, 32, 36, 37, 39), six were from North America (23,25,29,33,34,38), one was from the Middle East (30), and one was from Europe (35).…”

“…However, the data on the U-shaped association between MetS and sleep duration have been rather conflicting. Although a few studies have shown the U-shaped association between sleep duration and MetS (19,24,25,31), a few (27,37) have shown that the association only holds true for short sleep, and a recent study (22) shows the opposite relation. An earlier metaanalysis by Ju and Choi (19) on 12 cross-sectional studies, however, does prove the classic U-shaped association.…”

“…Three studies (23,25,33) reported MetS using the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's (AHA/ NHLBI) criteria published in 2005 (42). Two studies (26,38) reported MetS using the 2005 AHA/NHLBI criteria but using the Asian definition of abdominal obesity.…”

Metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, and risk of cardiovascular disease

“…Short sleep time is associated with increased cortisol levels, increased sympathetic nervous activity, reduced glucose tolerance, increased blood pressure, reduced leptin (a hormone that suppresses appetite), increased grehlin (a hormone that acts in an opposite manner of leptin and increases appetite), and increase in inflammatory markers primarily C-reactive protein, a marker associated with cardiovascular disease [20]. Self-reported short sleep duration is associated with a 45% increase in risk of having MS and is independently associated with abdominal obesity, elevated fasting glucose, and hypertriglyceridemia [21]. Another study found that a diabetic patient with untreated OSA is more likely to have poorer glucose control and more frequent complications compared to a patient without OSA [22].…”