Self-Reported Long COVID and Its Association with the Presence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in a Danish Cohort up to 12 Months after Infection

Abstract

This cohort study included questionnaire data as well as anti-nucleocapsid antibody analysis, allowing us to determine whether participants were seropositive due to vaccination or natural infection. The study emphasizes the importance of early confirmation of COVID-19, as antibodies recede with time, and it indicates an overlap between long COVID symptoms and symptoms possibly of another origin.

SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody dynamics over time and risk factors associated with infection and long COVID‐19 symptoms in large working environments

“…However, they also emphasize that the existing scientific evidence is limited and disposed to bias. A significant difference regarding sex and risk of experiencing prolonged COVID-19-related symptoms was observed, as females reported these symptoms at a higher frequency than males, in-line with previous studies [35]. Age appeared to have an impact on symptom presentation as well.…”

Oxidative Damage and Post-COVID Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Cohort of Italian Workers

“…According to our results, showing significantly higher mean SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers in LC patients, immunological dysfunctions have been detected in different studies including long-COVID subjects. These studies have shown that LC patients had highly activated innate immune cells, elevated expression of type I IFN and type III IFN, with higher production of a pro-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-6, indicating that components of the acute inflammatory response are associated with long-COVID [ 42 , 43 , 44 ]. It is possible to infer that systemic inflammation is bidirectionally linked to oxidative damage in long-COVID; persistent inflammation generates ROS and lipid peroxidation, and redox imbalance causes cellular damage that evokes an inflammatory response, leading to a vicious cycle [ 45 ].…”

Antibodies to Nucleocapsid Are Not Diagnostic for Long COVID

“…Studying the long-term effects of COVID-19 (long COVID) among members of a Facebook group dedicated to individuals who suspect they may have sequelae from COVID-19 is innovative ( 1 ).…”