Self-perceived emerging adult status and substance use.

Smith, Douglas C.; Bahar, Ozge Sensoy; Cleeland, Leah; Davis, Jordan P.

doi:10.1037/a0035900

Cited by 28 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Our results are also consistent with those of Smith et al (2014) who found that negativity/instability was significantly correlated with substance-related problems. Further, Luyckx, De Witte, and Goossens (2011) found that negativity/instability significantly predicted depressive symptoms, which have been shown to increase risk for alcohol-related problems (Gonzalez, Reynolds, & Skewes, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Emerging adult identity development, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems during the transition out of college.

Gates¹,

Corbin²,

Fromme³

2016

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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Alcohol use generally peaks during the early twenties and declines with age. These declines, referred to as “maturing out,” are presumed to result from the acquisition of adult roles (e.g. marriage, employment) incompatible with alcohol use. Recent empirical evidence suggests that variables other than role transitions (e.g. personality) may also be important in understanding this process. Changes in identity that occur during emerging adulthood may also be linked to the process of maturing out of heavy drinking, though no studies have yet addressed this possibility. Utilizing data from a large sample of graduating college students (N = 907) during senior year (wave 1) and the two following years (waves 2-3), the current study examined relations between aspects of emerging adult identity and drinking outcomes (alcohol use and problems). Using time varying covariate growth models, results indicated that several facets of emerging adult identity conferred risk for the failure to mature out of heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems. Experimentation/possibilities emerged as a significant risk factor for both heavy drinking and alcohol problems, but these effects diminished considerably when accounting for personality risk. In contrast, although small in magnitude, effects of self-focus on heavy drinking and negativity/instability on alcohol-related problems were relatively independent of effects of other established predictors. The effect for negativity/instability was evident only at the final wave. The findings have important implications for theories of “maturing out” and may ultimately inform tailoring or refinement of prevention/intervention approaches for emerging adults.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Emerging adult identity development, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems during the transition out of college.

Gates¹,

Corbin²,

Fromme³

2016

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In defining the ages of “emerging adults,” we were informed by the following: (i) Prior studies in Northeast and North India showing greater injection risk behaviours in this age group ; (ii) evidence of “emerging adulthood” as a distinct developmental stage characterized by greater identity exploration and consequently higher engagement in risk behaviours ; and (iii) frameworks highlighting late adolescence (ages 18 to 19) and young adulthood (ages 20 to 24) as important stages in the life course wherein behaviours impacting later adult outcomes originate, presenting opportunities for intervention . While the construct of emerging adulthood was first explored in high‐income countries, it has more recently been studied in youth in emerging economies such as India .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Young people who inject drugs in India have high HIV incidence and behavioural risk: a cross‐sectional study

et al. 2019

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Introduction There are limited data on young people who inject drugs ( PWID ) from low‐ and middle‐income countries where injection drug use remains a key driver of new HIV infections. India has a diverse injection drug use epidemic and estimates suggest that at least half of PWID are ≤30 years of age. We compared injection and sexual risk behaviours and HIV incidence between younger and older PWID and characterized uptake of HIV testing and harm reduction services to inform targeted HIV prevention efforts. Methods We analysed cross‐sectional data from 14,381 PWID recruited from cities in the Northeast and North/Central regions of India in 2013 using respondent driven sampling ( RDS ). We compared “emerging‐adult” (18 to 24 years, 26% of sample) and “young‐adult” PWID (25 to 30 years, 30% of sample) to older PWID (>30 years, 44% of sample) using logistic regression to evaluate factors associated with three recent risk behaviours: needle‐sharing, multiple sexual partners and unprotected sex. We estimated age‐stratified cross‐sectional HIV incidence using a validated multi‐assay algorithm. Results Compared to older adults, emerging‐adults in the Northeastern states were significantly more likely to share needles (males adjusted odds ratio [ aOR ] 1.82; females aOR 2.29, p < 0.01), have multiple sexual partners (males aOR 1.56; females aOR 3.75, p < 0.01), and engage in unprotected sex (males aOR 2.29, p < 0.01). In the North/Central states, young‐adult males were significantly more likely to needle‐share ( aOR 1.23, p < 0.05) while emerging‐adult males were significantly more likely to have multiple sexual partners ( aOR 1.74, p < 0.05). In both regions, emerging‐adults had the lowest HIV testing. Participation in harm reduction services was low across all age groups. Annual HIV incidence was higher in emerging‐ and young‐adult PWID in the North/Central region: emerging‐adults: 4.3% (95% confidence interval [ CI ] 3.0, 5.6); young‐adults: 4.9% (95% CI 3.7, 6.2); older adults: 2.1% (95% CI 1.4, 2.8). Conclusions Higher HIV incidence an...

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“…The SPS contains items consistent with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria for substance use disorders and some additional items related to risky substance use behaviors (eg, hiding use) [ 35 ]. Furthermore, SPS has been used in various EA studies [ 36 - 38 ], demonstrated good reliability (α=.85) in predicting substance use disorders with a nationally representative sample of EAs [ 39 ], cross-validated with independently made psychiatric diagnoses [ 40 ], and is correlated with perceived EA status [ 38 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Usability and Acceptability of a Mobile App to Help Emerging Adults Address their Friends' Substance Use (Harbor): Quantitative Study

et al. 2020

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Background Technology-assisted intervention and prevention strategies present opportunities for substance use–related research with emerging adults (EAs) and their peers. Emerging adulthood is a developmentally distinct period in which individuals between the ages of 18 and 29 years undergo unique emotional, cultural, developmental, and biological changes as they transition into adulthood. Crowdsourcing, or gathering feedback from a large group within web-based communities, offers researchers a unique and cost-effective way to obtain large amounts of information in a short period. Objective This paper presents market feedback obtained via Amazon’s Mechanical Turk from EAs (N=458) on the acceptability and utility of brief intervention scripts for a smartphone app currently under development. The mobile app, Harbor, teaches friends of EAs with substance use problems effective and supportive strategies for helping their friend make changes in their substance use behavior. Methods We examined feedback on the wording of the intervention scripts and estimated the market size of EAs who may use this app. Furthermore, we calculated correlations between script ratings and measures of personal risky drinking (ie, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) and the participants’ use of confrontational, enabling, or supportive behaviors with an existing friend. Results Approximately half of our sample (208/458, 45.4%) indicated that they had a close friend for whom they had concerns about their substance use, suggesting a potentially high demand for an app such as Harbor. Initial findings suggest that peers who engage in less enabling behaviors with friends who have a substance use problem exhibited lower risky drinking behaviors overall (r206=−0.501; P<.001). Concerning acceptability, 98.0% (449/458) of the sample rated the scripts’ dialogue as either somewhat, moderately, or extremely realistic (mean 3.92, SD 0.48) on 5-point Likert scale items. Finally, 95.4% (437/454) of respondents indicated that the scripts would be at least slightly helpful for training peers to help their friends with substance use issues. Finally, individuals who were better able to identify enabling language in enabling scripts self-reported fewer enabling behaviors toward their friend’s substance use (r206=−0.236; P=.001). Conclusions There exists a demonstrated level of desirability and acceptability among EAs for a mobile app such as Harbor. EAs who wish to engage in more supportive behaviors with their friends who engage in substance use and who are amenable to assisting their friends with sobriety likely would use and benefit from this app.

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Self-perceived emerging adult status and substance use.

Cited by 28 publications

References 40 publications

Emerging adult identity development, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems during the transition out of college.

Emerging adult identity development, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems during the transition out of college.

Young people who inject drugs in India have high HIV incidence and behavioural risk: a cross‐sectional study

Usability and Acceptability of a Mobile App to Help Emerging Adults Address their Friends' Substance Use (Harbor): Quantitative Study

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