Self-Medication with Antibiotic among Public Population in Erbil City

Muhammed, Rozhan Arif; Al-Ani, Ahmed H.; Yassen, Ali Omar

doi:10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i44b32649

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…The frequently dispensed AWRx were amoxicillin, cefixime (in pediatrics and adults), and azithromycin. The pattern is similar to that observed in other Iraqi and several Middle-Eastern studies 15,17,20,25,26 . Moreover, the study revealed a distressing practice of dispensing injectable antibiotics (predominantly ceftriaxone).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Overall, AWRx were mainly dispensed to patients with respiratory infections, fever, and ENT infections. Dispensing AWRx to patients with similar conditions was identified in other studies 15,17,19,20,25,26 . Notably, some participants (n = 28/333) in this study disclosed the practice of DAWRx to patients with nonresponsiveness to previous antibiotic use.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

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Practices, knowledge, and attitude toward dispensing antibiotics without a prescription in Iraqi pharmacies

Alridha

Al-Gburi

Abbood

et al. 2023

JPHD

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Dispensing antibiotics without a prescription (DAWRx) is a potential threat to global public health and can lead to antimicrobial abuse and resistance development. Further research is required to examine the characteristics of DAWRx practice in Iraq. This study aimed to investigate the practices of DAWRx in Iraqi community pharmacies. A semi-structured, validated, pilot-tested online questionnaire was used to conduct a descriptive cross-sectional study in March 2020 among the members of the Iraqi Pharmacist Syndicate. The questionnaire contained five sections: demographics, antibiotic dispensing knowledge, and the prevalence, sources, and characteristic features of DAWRx practices. The results are presented using descriptive statistics and significant associations were reported. A total of 403 respondents completed the questionnaire and, of them, 363 were analyzed. Despite having a satisfactory knowledge of dispensing (64.7%), the practice of DAWRx was prevalent (98.3%). DAWRx was reported based on the pharmacies’ recommendation (30.58%) and patients’ request for antibiotics. Adults and pediatric patients received antibiotics from pharmacies for various conditions. Injectable antibiotics were also dispensed without a prescription (mainly ceftriaxone, n = 51/72). Moreover, the prevalence and the daily number of antibiotics dispensed were significantly associated with sex, pharmacy attitude toward DAWRx, and DAWRx upon patients’ request. A significant association was noted between the knowledge of dispensing inquiries and the prevalence of and attitude toward DAWRx (p < 0.05). Impactful intervention strategies based on patterns identified in this study should be developed to improve antibiotic dispensing in community pharmacies and safeguard public health from the adverse effects of antimicrobial resistance.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Practices, knowledge, and attitude toward dispensing antibiotics without a prescription in Iraqi pharmacies

Alridha

Al-Gburi

Abbood

et al. 2023

JPHD

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“…This is consistent with a study in Afghanistan (Roien et al, 2020) in which most participants thought it is not an acceptable practice (40.51%) stated as very bad practice and 32.72% stated as bad practice). In a contrast study conducted by (Muhammed, Al-Ani, & Yassen, 2021) in Erbil, it was revealed that majority of survey participants stated that they are comfortable with selfmedication with antibiotics. In Albania (Jorgji, Bebeci, Apostoli, & Apostoli, 2014), 34.7 % of the participants reported that they were satisfied with antibiotic selfmedication .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Public Knowledge and Beliefs on Antibiotics Use and Self-Medication in Basra

Mohammed¹,

Maatook²,

Mahmoud³

2023

jsci

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Self-medication is described as the use of medications to address illnesses or symptoms that one has independently diagnosed, as well as the irregular or continuous use of a prescribed substance to treat persistent or recurrent illnesses or symptoms. The fundamental issue with antibiotic self-medication is the development of pathogenic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is an issue that exists today, primarily in developing nations. The main objective was to study the public's beliefs and behaviors on antibiotic use as well as self-medication with antibiotics in Basra were studied. Methods: a cross-sectional survey was conducted by using a validated questionnaire. This survey included 470 participants. (74 %) self-medicate with antibiotics. Community pharmacies (41.1%) were the most common source of antibiotics for self-medication. (74.5%) of the participants know that antibiotics are not useful for a common cold. (59.1%) of the participants have an idea of the possible harmful effects of using antibiotics. More than half of the participants 287 (61.1%) thought that self-medication with antibiotics is not an acceptable practice. (40.51%) stated as very bad practice and (32.72%) stated as bad practice. Conclusion: Most of the participants beliefs that self-medication with antibiotics is not an acceptable practice, while 74% used this practices. It is important to properly follow up the regulations and controlling the distribution of prescription medications.

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