“…Observers and scholars find that citizen participation in volunteer groups is healthy and contributes to how citizens define self-esteem and self-identity in American society (Bellah, Madsen, Sullivan, Swidler, & Tipton, 1985;Passewitz & Donnermeyer, 1989), which is important to a heavily Latino and immigrant community like Ventura County, whereas other researchers, such as Arnstein (1969), have described a typology of citizen participation, finding citizen participation to be the redistribution of power that enables the have-not citizens presently excluded from the political and economic processes to be deliberately included in the future (Arnstein, 1969). 2 Arnstein equated citizen participation with citizen power and suggested that if participation did not result in a shift in power between the haves and the have-nots, then it was not real participation.…”