This study examines the sources of matrilineal advantage in grandchild-grandparent relations using data from the Iowa Youth and Families Project. Results from fixed-effect models indicate that the observed matrilineal advantage in grandchild-grandparent ties arises from lineage differentials in the quality of relations between grandparents and the parents of grandchildren. Specifically, better relations between mothers and the maternal line facilitate closer ties between grandchildren and maternal grandparents. Fathers' closer ties with the paternal side also promote better relations between a grandchild and paternal grandparents, but the greater prevalence of matrilineal bias in parent-grandparent ties leads to an overall matrilineal advantage in grandchild-grandparent relations.
Studies have often used reason for retirement as an indicator of the pathway leading to retirement. We discuss the conceptual basis for the retirement-reason typology and evaluate the distinctiveness of various reasons for labor force exit by predicting them in a standard model-based analysis. Data are from the 1982 Social Security New Beneficiary Study, and the analysis is limited to men. A number of factors in the model-based analysis have distinctive effects on exit for particular retirement reasons, but health limits increase the likelihood of all types of retirement. We conclude that reasons for retirement only partially capture distinctive retirement processes.
A central characteristic of the family retirement transition is its prolonged nature, beginning with the first spouse's retirement and ending with the second spouse's retirement or the first spouse's return to work. In this article, differences in this process are examined depending on which spouse retires first. Although existing literature implies that women will retire more rapidly following a spouse's retirement, results show no overall difference in men's and women's exit or return rates. However, there are gender differences in particular subgroups of families. Couples in which the wife was employed during child rearing show smaller gender differences. In couples in which the wife was not employed during child rearing, women retire more slowly than men.
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