Self-Healing of Materials under High Electrical Stress

Zhang, Yan; Khanbareh, Hamideh; Roscow, James; Pan, Min; Bowen, Chris; Wan, Chaoying

doi:10.1016/j.matt.2020.07.020

Cited by 53 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Such conductive elastomers are particularly required for soft and flexible devices operated under harsh conditions. 11,12,14 To achieve this, several properties should be integrated into conductive elastomers. One of the most crucial properties is damage resistance, which prevents the occurrence of damage and allows for the retention of the original structural integrity and conductivity of the devices when the conductive elastomers suffer from an external attack.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin-Inspired Healable Conductive Elastomers with Exceptional Strain-Adaptive Stiffening and Damage Tolerance

Wang

Yang

et al. 2021

Macromolecules

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Stretchable conductive elastomers play an irreplaceable role in flexible electronic devices. However, stretchable conductive elastomers are usually soft and susceptible to damage. In this study, inspired from skin, highly stretchable and elastic conductive elastomers integrated with damage resistance, damage tolerance, and healability are fabricated by loading ionic liquids (ILs) within the polyurethane (PU) elastomers of the multiblock polymers of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/polycaprolactone (PCL) coordinated with Zn 2+ ions. The mechanically robust conductive elastomer, with a tensile strength of ∼15.2 MPa and a stretchability of ∼2668%, has a satisfactory ionic conductivity of 2.9 × 10 −4 S cm −1 . The conductive elastomer exhibits exceptional strain-adaptive stiffening, with an ∼100-fold increase in modulus when being fully stretched. The strain-adaptive stiffening endows the elastomer with excellent damage resistance. Meanwhile, the conductive elastomer has a record-high fracture energy of ∼33.8 kJ m −2 . The notched conductive elastomer can prevent the propagation of the notch up to a strain of ∼2400%. The exceptional strainadaptive stiffening and damage tolerance originate from the in situ formed phase-separated domains, which are deformable and disintegrable under an external force to significantly strengthen the elastomer and dissipate energy. Furthermore, the conductive elastomer can be conveniently healed under heating to restore its original conductivity and mechanical properties.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin-Inspired Healable Conductive Elastomers with Exceptional Strain-Adaptive Stiffening and Damage Tolerance

Wang

Yang

et al. 2021

Macromolecules

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“…To date, both intrinsic approaches, through dynamic bonds, and extrinsic approaches, through microcapsules and oil based systems have been utilized to successfully recover damage initiated from electrical fields. [ 109 ] The use of microcapsules has been demonstrated by Lesaint et al. as a method for inhibiting electrical treeing.…”

Section: Self‐healing Under Extreme Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Opportunities of Self‐Healing Polymers and Devices for Extreme and Hostile Environments

et al. 2021

Self Cite

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Engineering materials and devices can be damaged during their service life as a result of mechanical fatigue, punctures, electrical breakdown, and electrochemical corrosion. This damage can lead to unexpected failure during operation, which requires regular inspection, repair, and replacement of the products, resulting in additional energy consumption and cost. During operation in challenging, extreme, or harsh environments, such as those encountered in high or low temperature, nuclear, offshore, space, and deep mining environments, the robustness and stability of materials and devices are extremely important. Over recent decades, significant effort has been invested into improving the robustness and stability of materials through either structural design, the introduction of new chemistry, or improved manufacturing processes. Inspired by natural systems, the creation of self‐healing materials has the potential to overcome these challenges and provide a route to achieve dynamic repair during service. Current research on self‐healing polymers remains in its infancy, and self‐healing behavior under harsh and extreme conditions is a particularly untapped area of research. Here, the self‐healing mechanisms and performance of materials under a variety of harsh environments are discussed. An overview of polymer‐based devices developed for a range of challenging environments is provided, along with areas for future research.

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“…Surface-modifications ensure a high dispersion of nanofillers maintaining a small size in polymer matrix, which can highly participate in dynamic exchange reactions, thus leading to improved mechanical properties of nanocomposites [12]. By modifying nano-capsules in geometry and size to adjust their interaction with electric field, the insulation defects caused by dielectric breakdown or electrical-trees can be well repaired, which has been widely used in self-healing insulating materials in recent years [13]. Attributed to the extensive source, large specific surface area, high reactivity, non-toxic and pollution-free chemistry, and visible light transparency, SiO 2 nanoparticles have been comprehensively utilized for developing UV-cured nanocomposites such as SiO 2 /acrylic polyurethane, SiO 2 /epoxy resin, and SiO 2 /methacrylate to improve the mechanical and electrical properties of polymers [14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ameliorated Electrical-Tree Resistant Characteristics of UV-Initiated Cross-Linked Polyethylene Nanocomposites with Surface-Functionalized Nanosilica

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2021

Processes

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Given the high interest in promoting crosslinking efficiency of ultraviolet-initiated crosslinking technique and ameliorating electrical resistance of crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) materials, we have developed the funcionalized-SiO2/XLPE nanocomposites by chemically grafting auxiliary crosslinkers onto nanosilica surfaces. Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) as an effective auxiliary crosslinker for polyethylene is grafted successfully on nanosilica surfaces through thiolene-click chemical reactions with coupling agents of sulfur silanes and 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxy silane (MPTMS), as characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles could be dispersively filled into polyethylene matrix even at a high filling content that would generally produce agglomerations of neat SiO2 nanofillers. Ultraviolet-initiated polyethylene crosslinking reactions are efficiently stimulated by TMPTA grafted onto surfaces of SiO2 nanofillers, averting thermal migrations out of polyethylene matrix. Electrical-tree pathways and growth mechanism are specifically investigated by elucidating the microscopic tree-morphology with fractal dimension and simulating electric field distributions with finite-element method. Near nano-interfaces where the shielded-out electric fluxlines concentrate, the highly enhanced electric fields will stimulate partial discharging and thus lead to the electrical-trees being able to propagate along the routes between nanofillers. Surface-modified SiO2 nanofillers evidently elongate the circuitous routes of electrical-tree growth to be restricted from directly developing toward ground electrode, which accounts for the larger fractal dimension and shorter length of electrical-trees in the functionlized-SiO2/XLPE nanocomposite compared with XLPE and neat-SiO2/XLPE nanocomposite. Polar-groups on the modified nanosilica surfaces inhibit electrical-tree growth and simultaneously introduce deep traps impeding charge injections, accounting for the significant improvements of electrical-tree resistance and dielectric breakdown strength. Combining surface functionalization and nanodielectric technology, we propose a strategy to develop XLPE materials with high electrical resistance.

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Self-Healing of Materials under High Electrical Stress

Cited by 53 publications

References 86 publications

Skin-Inspired Healable Conductive Elastomers with Exceptional Strain-Adaptive Stiffening and Damage Tolerance

Skin-Inspired Healable Conductive Elastomers with Exceptional Strain-Adaptive Stiffening and Damage Tolerance

Challenges and Opportunities of Self‐Healing Polymers and Devices for Extreme and Hostile Environments

Ameliorated Electrical-Tree Resistant Characteristics of UV-Initiated Cross-Linked Polyethylene Nanocomposites with Surface-Functionalized Nanosilica

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