Self-Explanation through Semantic Annotation: A Survey

Abstract

Semantic information is considered as foundation upon which modern approaches attempt to tackle the challenges of dynamic environments-service orchestration and ontology matching are two examples for the use of such information. Yet, many developers avoid the additional effort of adding semantic information (e.g., through annotations) to their data sets-limiting the reusability and interoperability of their Apps, services, or data. This problem is called the "knowledge acquisition bottleneck", which can be addressed by providing suitable tool support. This survey analyses the state-of-the-art of such tools that support developers in the task of semantically enriching entities. Providing an overview of available tools from the early days until now, we particularly focus on the 'level of automation'. Concluding that automation is very limited in contemporary tools we propose a concept that mixes connectionist and symbolic representation of meaning to decrease the manual effort.

Unsupervised Approaches for Textual Semantic Annotation, A Survey

“…Terms used to describe the degree of automation Liao et al (2015) "Manual", "Semi-automatic", or "Automatic" Fähndrich et al (2015) "None", "Semi", "Collection", or "Full" Oliveira and Rocha (2013) "Manual", "Semi-automatic", "Automatic", "Fully automatic" Tang et al (2008) "Semi-automatic", "Unsupervised" Uren et al (2006) "No", "Supervised", "Unsupervised"…”

“…-The MnM tool (Vargas-Vera et al 2002) was regarded as semi-automatic in Fähndrich et al (2015) and Oliveira and Rocha (2013), while regarded as automatic in Liao et al (2015). -In AeroDAML (Kogut and Holmes 2001), annotation behavior done using the drag-anddrop interface is defined as semi-automatic.…”

“…Note, each paper uses its own terminology for the degree of automation, which diminishes clarity and comparability. SP12 (Fähndrich et al 2015) defined "Semi" as the ability to automatically perform some task with the constraint that there is still the requirement to supervise the process, "Collection" was defined as the ability to automatically collect information since they believe the collection of information is a time-consuming task which needs to be automated. Six unlabeled Russian corpora.…”

“…The scale they employed consists of three scales: "No," "Supervised," and "Unsupervised. " Fähndrich et al (2015) provided an overview 66:7…”