Self-Etch Adhesive as a Carrier for ACP Nanoprecursors to Deliver Biomimetic Remineralization

Abstract

Lab biomineralization should be carried out in an actual clinical practice. This study evaluated self-etch adhesive as a carrier for amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) nanoprecursors to continuously deliver biomimetic remineralization of self-assembly type I collagen and demineralized dentin. Si-containing ACP particles (Si-ACP) stabilized with polyaspartic acid (PAsp) were synthesized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared analysis, X-ray powder diffractometry, and X-ray phototelectron spectroscopy. The biomimetic remineralization of single-layer reconstituted type I collagen fibrils and demineralized dentin was analyzed by using two one-bottle self-etch dentin adhesives (Clearfil S3 Bond (S3), Kurraray-Noritake; Adper Easy One (AEO), 3 M ESPE) as a carrier loaded (or not, in the case of the control) with 25 wt % of Si-ACP particles. In vitro cytotoxicity assessed by the Cell Counting Kit-8 indicated that the Si-ACP particles had no adverse effect on cell viability. The capacity for Ca and P ions release from cured Si-ACP-containing adhesives (S3, AEO) was evaluated by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, revealing the successively increasing release of Ca and P ions for 28 days. The intra- and extrafibrillar remineralization of type I collagen and demineralized dentin was confirmed by TEM and selected-area electron diffraction when the adhesives were used as a carrier loaded with Si-ACP particles. Therefore, we propose self-etch adhesive as a novel carrier for ACP nanoprecursors to continuously deliver biomimetic remineralization.

The use of bioactive particles and biomimetic analogues for increasing the longevity of resin-dentin interfaces: A literature review

“…Also, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and DCPD have been added to experimental adhesives in association with CaSi particles 35,36,38) . Self-etch adhesives containing 25 wt% of polyaspartic acid-stabilized Sicontaining ACP nanoparticles applied to acid-etched dentin (37% orthophosphoric acid for 30 s) promoted remineralization at the bottom of the hybrid layer after three months in artificial saliva (AS), observed using transmission electron microscopy 10) .…”

“…Remineralization of resin-dentin interfaces has been studied aiming to replace water from intrafibrillar gaps, as well as from water-rich, resin-sparse regions of the hybrid layer, with apatite crystallites. By doing so, it would be possible to increase the mechanical properties of the dentin-resin interphase and protect the exposed collagen from external challenges [8][9][10][11][12] . Dentin remineralization strategy is dependent on the remaining mineral content of the tissue 13) .…”

Fluoride-doped amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles as a promising biomimetic material for dental remineralization

“…Since ACP can readily convert to crystalline phases, its use and handling is difficult. Therefore, several additives and ions were studied to stabilize ACP including: casein phosphopeptides (CPP) 18 , carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) 19 , 20 , polyethylene glycol 21 , polyaspartic acid 22 , adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 23 , magnesium ions 24 , and poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polylactide (PEG-PLA) 25 . To our knowledge, most of these materials are not available on the market due to difficulties in the scale up process, costs and concerns on the biocompatibility of the stabilizing agents.…”

Effects of a biomimetic analog‐based experimental bonding system on caries‐affected and sound dentin

“…Beside this result, the images analyzed by TEM/EDS showed crystals corresponding to β‐TCP present in the experimental bioactive adhesive in its original shape, showing its ionic stability (Chen et al, 2015; Jefferies, 2014; Niu et al, 2014). On the other hand, the absence of these crystals detected in the groups analyzed after 3months suggests that the release of ions by the adhesive over the long‐term was achieved by the biomimetic analogs APA and TPM (Abuna et al, 2016; Kim et al, 2010; Spencer et al, 2010; Wu et al, 2017).…”