“…In order to assess students' understanding in four main topics of digital Logic (State and sequential circuits, Number representations, MSI components, and Boolean Logic), we used questions from the Digital Logic Concept Inventory (DLCI) (Herman, 2011;Herman & Handzik, 2010;Herman, Kaczmarcczk, Loui, & Zilles, 2008, 2012Herman, Loui & Zilles, 2009, 2014Herman, Zilles & Loui, 2011). A concept inventory (CI) is a standardized assessment tool designed to measure stu-dents' understanding of the core concepts of a topic (Goldman et al, 2010), i.e., the extent to which it matches the accepted conceptual framework of a discipline.…”