“…In Australia, the higher education system has also moved substantially towards hard academic managerialism, an executive style traditionally strong in the USA, with deans appointed for their new executive roles and no longer merely elected to an academic position (Marginson & Considine, 2000;Meek, 2003;Santiago, Carvalho, Amaral, & Meek, 2006). In parts of Europe and South America, this managerial shift has been slow to develop (Deem, 2004;Durand & Pujadas, 2004;Holm-Nielsen, Thorn, Brunner, & Balán, 2005;Santiago et al, 2006). In Brazil, for example, the recent external economic pressures required deans to shift abruptly from academic leaders to institutional managers, regardless of their professional background.…”