Abstract:The rodlike virus M13 phage is nontoxic to humans. Its tip can be engineered to recognize a specific target and at the same time its sidewall can be engineered to electrostatically assemble drug‐loaded liposomes (see picture). The phage–liposome complex forms a drug carrier that can be internalized in breast cancer cells and used in photodynamic therapy.
“…Another interesting feature of many biological entities is their ability to act as templates in the synthesis, assembly and organisation of nanometre scale materials to fabricate well-defined micro and macro scale structures. For example, viruses have been used to assemble gold and iron oxide nanoparticles to form microstructures [66], bacteriophages have also been used to form intricate nanometre and micrometre scale structures [67,68,69] and phage based assemblies of liposomes have been used in targeted drug delivery procedures [70,71,72,73]. Comparing the above-mentioned biological identities and their potential to become efficient biological factories, synthesizing nanoparticles via plants, is a relatively straight forward and advantageous approach [74,75].…”
Nanotechnology is the creation, manipulation and use of materials at the nanometre size scale (1 to 100 nm). At this size scale there are significant differences in many material properties that are normally not seen in the same materials at larger scales. Although nanoscale materials can be produced using a variety of traditional physical and chemical processes, it is now possible to biologically synthesize materials via environment-friendly green chemistry based techniques. In recent years, the convergence between nanotechnology and biology has created the new field of nanobiotechnology that incorporates the use of biological entities such as actinomycetes algae, bacteria, fungi, viruses, yeasts, and plants in a number of biochemical and biophysical processes. The biological synthesis via nanobiotechnology processes have a significant potential to boost nanoparticles production without the use of harsh, toxic, and expensive chemicals commonly used in conventional physical and chemical processes. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of recent trends in synthesizing nanoparticles via biological entities and their potential applications.
“…Another interesting feature of many biological entities is their ability to act as templates in the synthesis, assembly and organisation of nanometre scale materials to fabricate well-defined micro and macro scale structures. For example, viruses have been used to assemble gold and iron oxide nanoparticles to form microstructures [66], bacteriophages have also been used to form intricate nanometre and micrometre scale structures [67,68,69] and phage based assemblies of liposomes have been used in targeted drug delivery procedures [70,71,72,73]. Comparing the above-mentioned biological identities and their potential to become efficient biological factories, synthesizing nanoparticles via plants, is a relatively straight forward and advantageous approach [74,75].…”
Nanotechnology is the creation, manipulation and use of materials at the nanometre size scale (1 to 100 nm). At this size scale there are significant differences in many material properties that are normally not seen in the same materials at larger scales. Although nanoscale materials can be produced using a variety of traditional physical and chemical processes, it is now possible to biologically synthesize materials via environment-friendly green chemistry based techniques. In recent years, the convergence between nanotechnology and biology has created the new field of nanobiotechnology that incorporates the use of biological entities such as actinomycetes algae, bacteria, fungi, viruses, yeasts, and plants in a number of biochemical and biophysical processes. The biological synthesis via nanobiotechnology processes have a significant potential to boost nanoparticles production without the use of harsh, toxic, and expensive chemicals commonly used in conventional physical and chemical processes. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of recent trends in synthesizing nanoparticles via biological entities and their potential applications.
“…Unfortunately, problems such as toxicity, stability, and immunoresistance remain potential concerns [4]. Recently, there has been increased interest in the use of viruses or bacteriophages as nanotemplates for biomaterial [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] and biomedical studies [14][15][16][17][18]. Viruses and bacteriophages have well-defined structures and can be easily modified with different functional units [19][20][21][22].…”
Poly(caprolactone-b-2-vinylpyridine) (PCL-P2VP) coated with folate-conjugated M13 (FA-M13) provides a nanosized delivery system which is capable of encapsulating hydrophobic antitumor drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX). The DOX-loaded FA-M13-PCL-P2VP assemblies had an average diameter of approximately 200 nm and their structure was characterized using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. The particles were stable at physiological pH but could be degraded at a lower pH. The release of DOX from the nanoassemblies under acidic conditions was shown to be significantly faster than that observed at physiological pH. In addition, the DOX-loaded FA-M13-PCL-P2VP particles showed a distinctly greater cellular uptake and cytotoxicity against folate-receptor-positive cancer cells than folatereceptor-negative cells, indicating that the receptor facilitates folate uptake via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Furthermore, the DOX-loaded particles also had a significantly higher tumor uptake and selectivity compared to free DOX. This study therefore offers a new way to fabricate nanosized drug delivery vehicles.
“…S7). DPBF was used to quench the 1 O 2 produced in the system, and thus the decrease of DPBF concentration was an indicator of the production of 1 O 2 under 660 nm laser irradiation (Ngweniform et al, 2009). As shown in Fig.…”
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