Self-Aligned Single-Mode Polymer Waveguide Interconnections for Efficient Chip-to-Chip Optical Coupling

Deng, Kung-Li; Gorczyca, Thomas; Lee, B.K.; Hua, Xing; Guida, R.; Karras, T. W.

doi:10.1109/jstqe.2006.882618

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Diffusive photopolymers, also referred to as volume or holographic photopolymers, were originally developed for holographic data storage (HDS) [16] and have recently been adapted for 3D optical interconnection [5,17,18]. Typical diffusive photopolymers consist of two chemical systems: one that forms a solid yet flexible matrix and the photo-active components consisting of an initiator that absorbs a fraction of the incident light to form radicals or other initiating species and a monomer that polymerizes by reaction with this photoinitiator.…”

Section: D Waveguides Fabricated In Diffusion-driven Photopolymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The advantages of this approach are its simplicity and the automatic alignment of the self-written waveguide to an embedded or buttcoupled source. However this technique has limited control over the shape and direction of the resulting waveguides and single-mode operation has not yet been demonstrated over millimeter scale [5,6]. Finally, nearly all studies of 3D waveguides to date have performed limited characterization because the deeply buried, gradient-index guide is not compatible with profilometry, prism coupling or other measurement methods designed for planar devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mode profile imaging and loss measurement for uniform and tapered single-mode 3D waveguides in diffusive photopolymer

Ye¹,

Kamysiak²,

Sullivan³

et al. 2012

Opt. Express

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We demonstrate single-mode uniform and parabolically tapered three-dimensional waveguides fabricated via direct-write lithography in diffusion-based photopolymers. Modulation of the writing power is shown to compensate Beer-Lambert absorption in the single-photon initiator and to provide precise control of modal tapers. A laminated sample preparation is introduced to enable full 3D characterization of these modal tapers without the need for sample polishing which is difficult for this class of polymer. The accuracy and repeatability of this modal characterization is shown to allow precise measurement of propagation loss from single samples. These testing procedures are used to demonstrate single-mode waveguides with 0.147 dB/cm excess propagation loss and symmetrical tapers up to 1:2.5 using 1.5 microwatts of continuous write power.

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Section: D Waveguides Fabricated In Diffusion-driven Photopolymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mode profile imaging and loss measurement for uniform and tapered single-mode 3D waveguides in diffusive photopolymer

Ye¹,

Kamysiak²,

Sullivan³

et al. 2012

Opt. Express

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Previous researchers have measured optical power losses through self-writing waveguides and applied these to strain measurements. [5][6][7][8][9] These results demonstrate the potential of self-written polymer waveguide sensors, however issues such as repeatability, durability and cyclic behavior were not addressed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Self-repairing polymer optical fiber sensor

Song¹,

Peters²

2011

SPIE Proceedings

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This article presents experimental demonstrations of a self-repairing strain sensor waveguide created by self-writing in a photopolymerizable resin system. The sensor fabricates between two multi-mode optical fibers via lightwaves in the ultraviolet (UV) wavelength range and operates as a sensor through interrogation of the power transmitted through the waveguide in the infrared (IR) wavelength range. After failure of the sensor occurs due to loading, the waveguide rebridges the gap between the two optical fibers through the UV resin. The response of the original sensor and the selfrepaired sensor to strain are measured and show similar behaviors.

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“…Since these initial demonstrations, self-writing waveguides in photosensitive resin have been applied in applications for coupling two optical fibers. [4][5][6][7] Previous researchers have demonstrated self-writing waveguides applied to the sensor to measure vibration and strain. [8][9][10] These results demonstrated the potential of self-written polymer waveguide sensors, however repeatability and cyclic behavior of the sensor response during the loading and unloading cycles were not addressed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-repairing waveguide sensor with highly repeatable strain response

Song

Peters

2012

SPIE Proceedings

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In this article we present experimental demonstrations of a self-writing polymer waveguide strain sensor that can selfrepair after failure. The original sensor is fabricated between two multi-mode optical fibers by ultraviolet (UV) lightwaves in the photopolymerizable resin system via a self-writing process. After the original sensor fails, the repaired sensor is grown from the existing waveguide to bridge the gap between the two optical fibers. Multiple self-repairs of a single sensor were demonstrated. When the sensor was packaged within a polyimide capillary, the cyclic response showed almost no hysteresis and the response over the entire strain range was monotonic.

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Self-Aligned Single-Mode Polymer Waveguide Interconnections for Efficient Chip-to-Chip Optical Coupling

Cited by 11 publications

References 29 publications

Mode profile imaging and loss measurement for uniform and tapered single-mode 3D waveguides in diffusive photopolymer

Mode profile imaging and loss measurement for uniform and tapered single-mode 3D waveguides in diffusive photopolymer

Self-repairing polymer optical fiber sensor

Self-repairing waveguide sensor with highly repeatable strain response

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