Selenium, Selenoproteins, and Immunity

Background The worldwide spread of a novel coronavirus disease has led to a near total stop of nonurgent, elective surgeries across all specialties in most affected countries. In the field of aesthetic surgery, the selfimposed moratorium for all aesthetic surgery procedures recommended by most international scientific societies has been adopted by many surgeons worldwide and resulted in a huge socioeconomic impact for most private practices and clinics. An important question still unanswered in most countries is when and how should elective/aesthetic procedures be scheduled again and what kind of organizational changes are necessary to protect patients and healthcare workers when clinics and practices reopen. Defining manageable, evidence-based protocols for testing, surgical/ procedural risk mitigation and clinical flow management/contamination management will be paramount for the safety of non-urgent surgical procedures. Methods We conducted a MEDLINE/PubMed research for all available publications on COVID-19 and surgery and COVID-19 and anesthesia. Articles and referenced literature describing possible procedural impact factors leading to exacerbation of the clinical evolution of COVID-19positive patients were identified to perform risk stratification for elective surgery. Based on these impact factors, considerations for patient selection, choice of procedural complexity, duration of procedure, type of anesthesia, etc., are discussed in this article and translated into algorithms for surgical/anesthesia risk management and clinical management. Current recommendations and published protocols on contamination control, avoidance of crosscontamination and procedural patient flow are reviewed. A COVID-19 testing guideline protocol for patients planning to undergo elective aesthetic surgery is presented and recommendations are made regarding adaptation of current patient information/informed consent forms and patient health questionnaires. Conclusion The COVID-19 crisis has led to unprecedented challenges in the acute management of the crisis, and the wave only recently seems to flatten out in some countries. The adaptation of surgical and procedural steps for a riskminimizing management of potential COVID-19-positive patients seeking to undergo elective aesthetic procedures in the wake of that wave will present the next big challenge for the aesthetic surgery community. We propose a clinical algorithm to enhance patient safety in elective surgery in the context of COVID-19 and to minimize cross-contamination between healthcare workers and patients. New evidence-based guidelines regarding surgical risk stratification, testing, and clinical flow management/contamination management are proposed. We believe that only the continuous development and broad implementation of guidelines like the ones proposed in this paper will allow an early reintegration of all aesthetic procedures into the scope of surgical care currently performed and to prepare

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“…Vitamin B12, copper, folate and selenium also play an important role in the immune system response and therefore could also be tested [104,105].…”

Section: Considerations On Perioperative Pharmacologic Prophylaxismentioning

confidence: 99%

Elective, Non-urgent Procedures and Aesthetic Surgery in the Wake of SARS–COVID-19: Considerations Regarding Safety, Feasibility and Impact on Clinical Management

Kaye¹,

Paprottka²,

Escudero³

et al. 2020

Aesth Plast Surg

145

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“…Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element that becomes co‐transiently incorporated into a small number of selenoproteins, as selenocysteine (Sec). Among human selenoproteins, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), thioredoxin reductase (TXNRD), and iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO) represent the best‐characterized selenoenzymes of the antioxidant defense and endocrine systems . Certain selenoproteins have been proven to be essential; that is, GPX4, TXNRD1, TXNRD2, and others are of high pathophysiological relevance because of their anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative properties, which render Se as a central biological micronutrient during the acute phase of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and inflammation in cardiovascular patients .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selenium in Cardiac Surgery

et al. 2019

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Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element that plays a pivotal role in many of the body's regulatory and metabolic functions, especially during times of stress. After uptake, Se is incorporated into several Se-dependent proteins, which have potent antiinflammatory and antioxidant capacities. Several observational clinical studies have demonstrated that Se deficiency can cause chronic cardiovascular diseases and aggravate organ dysfunction after cardiac surgery and that low levels of Se may be independently associated with the development of organ dysfunction after cardiac surgery. Based on these findings, several studies have investigated the effects of a perioperative Se supplementation strategy. Therefore, the present review describes in depth the pathophysiology and harmful stimuli during cardiac surgery, how Se may counteract these injuries, the different types of Se supplementation strategies that have been evaluated, and current evidence of its clinical significance. (Nutr Clin Pract. 2019;34:528-539)

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“…The possible mechanism is that GPx1 protects HIV-infected individuals from the loss of helper T cells by preventing oxidative-induced apoptosis. HIV replication depends on the activation of NF-κB [70].…”

Section: Autoimmune Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The requirements are estimated at 100 μg/kg dry matter and 200 μg/kg for pregnant or lactating women. Generally, the dietary intake of Se ranges from 7 to 499 μg/day, with average values ranging from 40 to 134 μg/day depending on the country [70,76,77]. The reasons for the variability of consumption are related in particular to factors that determine the availability of selenium in the food chain, including soil pH, organic matter content, as well as the presence of ions that can form a complex with Se.…”

Section: Heath Benefits Of Traditional Foods As Source Of Precursorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subcellular Localization of Glutathione Peroxidase, Change in Glutathione System during Ageing and Effects on Cardiometabolic Risks and Associated Diseases

Fundu¹,

Kapepula²,

Esimo³

et al. 2020

Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease

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Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is a selenoprotein with biological properties that allow the detoxification of endogenous or exogenous reactive oxygen species as well as the elimination of xenobiotic compounds in the cells. Due to its isoform activities and pathophysiological functions, GPx holds the status of a redox system (GSH/ GSSG) in the glutathione (GSH) system to prevent oxidative damage of cellular constituents. As such, the GPx is the first line of defense against free radicals. Its deficiency causes oxidative stress that not only promotes the oxidation of proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) but also leads to insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and metabolic alterations, which expose to high risk for cardiometabolic disorders due to cardiovascular and degenerative diseases especially when associated with aging. This work presents a review of different studies done on the localization of GPx in subcellular organelles, activity changes during cellular aging, their effects on cardiometabolic risks, and associated diseases.

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Selenium, Selenoproteins, and Immunity

Cited by 637 publications

References 170 publications

Elective, Non-urgent Procedures and Aesthetic Surgery in the Wake of SARS–COVID-19: Considerations Regarding Safety, Feasibility and Impact on Clinical Management

Elective, Non-urgent Procedures and Aesthetic Surgery in the Wake of SARS–COVID-19: Considerations Regarding Safety, Feasibility and Impact on Clinical Management

Selenium in Cardiac Surgery

Subcellular Localization of Glutathione Peroxidase, Change in Glutathione System during Ageing and Effects on Cardiometabolic Risks and Associated Diseases

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