Selective vapour phase dehydrogenation of biomass-derived 1,4-butanediol to gamma butyrolactone over Cu/ZrO2 catalysts: influence of La2O3 promotor

Vapor-Phase Oxidant-Free Dehydrogenation of 2,3- and 1,4-Butanediol over Cu/SiO2 Catalyst Prepared by Crown-Ether-Assisted Impregnation

“…The utilization of 12C4 as an organic additive was proven to generate a Cu catalyst with the largest SA Cu . Several Cu catalysts are highly active for the dehydrogenation of 1,4-BDO to GBL at 240 or 250 • C and a W/F of 0.5 h or higher [17,18,41,[43][44][45]; nevertheless, the 12C4-10Cu/SiO 2 catalyst in our work gave a comparable catalytic performance at a shorter W/F of 0.27 h at 260 • C. It is also worth noting that the GBL productivity of 12C4-10Cu/SiO 2 was significantly higher than the GBL productivity of the reported Cu catalysts. In summary, catalytic activity in the dehydrogenation was improved by preparing a Cu/SiO 2 catalyst using organic additives.…”

“…Nevertheless, several issues, such as a high reaction temperature, low productivity, and long contact time, still need to be addressed. Numerous reports have also shown that Cubased catalysts are active in the dehydrogenation of 1,4-BDO to GBL (Scheme 1b) [17,[41][42][43][44][45]. However, the reported Cu catalysts still suffer from low GBL productivity.…”

Literature review: state-of-the-art hydrogen storage technologies and Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) development

“…In addition, akin to ester dehydrogenation, lactone formation required a fine-tuning of the Cu + /Cu 0 ratio with dopants like La, Ba, Ca, Sr, or Mg that electronically enriched the Cu + sites in contact with the support, facilitated the reduction of Cu and prevented the sintering of the NP. The addition of La as a promoter increased the yield of GBL from 51 to 93% and allowed for a stable catalytic activity for 15 h on stream while Ba addition on a Cu/SiO 2 catalyst achieved 100% conversion and 99.6% selectivity at 240 °C [459,463]. The effect of the particle size on the Cu + /Cu 0 ratio was also visible on a series of Cu/ CeO 2 catalysts with Cu content ranging from 5 to 20%.…”

Use of Biosourced Molecules as Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHC) and for Circular Storage

“…Then, Mevawala et al proved in 2022 that this reaction can occur both in the liquid and gas phases in an equally efficient manner over a Copper Chromite heterogeneous catalyst [61]. Many other copper-based heterogeneous catalysts have been used for this dehydrocyclization reaction [62][63][64]. The final decision will depend solely on catalytic considerations, but also having in mind the reactor design specificities and the overall economics of the process.…”