Selective Media in Air Sampling: A Review

Kingston, David G. I.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1971.tb02280.x

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…It is possible that low relative humidity at the time of the sampling decreased the number of viable organisms recovered, as had been reported previously (4). Another possible reason for low bacterial counts is the mechanical trauma and dehydration the organisms sustain during the sampling procedure, caused by forcing them through small orifices and onto the agar surface at high speed (13). It is also possible that the numbers of organisms present in shower or tap water were too low to generate large numbers of aerosolized organisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Aerosols containing Legionella pneumophila generated by shower heads and hot-water faucets

Bollin¹,

Plouffe²,

Para³

et al. 1985

Appl Environ Microbiol

175

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Shower heads and hot-water faucets containing Legionella pneumophila were evaluated for aerosolization of the organism with a multistage cascade impaction air sampler. Air was collected above two shower doors and from the same rooms approximately 3 ft (91 cm) from the shower doors while the hot water was running. Low numbers (3 to 5 CFU/15 ft3 [0.43 m3] of air) of L. pneumophila were recovered above both shower doors, but none was recovered from the air in either room outside the shower door. Approximately 90% (7 of 8 CFU) of the L. pneumophila recovered were trapped in aerosol particles between 1 and 5 micron in diameter. Air was collected 1 to 3 ft (30 to 91 cm) from 14 sinks while the hot water was running. Low numbers (1 to 5 CFU/15 ft3 of air) were recovered from 6 of 19 air samples obtained. Approximately 50% (6 of 13 CFU) of the organisms recovered were trapped in aerosol particles between 1 and 8 microns in diameter. Shower heads and hot-water taps containing L. pneumophila can aerosolize low numbers of the organism during routine use. The aerosol particle size is small enough to penetrate to the lower human respiratory system. Thus, these sites may be implicated as a means of transmission of L. pneumophila from potable water to the patient.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Aerosols containing Legionella pneumophila generated by shower heads and hot-water faucets

Bollin¹,

Plouffe²,

Para³

et al. 1985

Appl Environ Microbiol

175

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“…In Study 2, exhaustive testing of the special media used, as discussed by Kingston (1971), was not done. However, as Kingston noted, MacConkey agar proved satisfactory for recovery of coliforms from air (Bound and Atkinson, 1966), and recovery here of staphylococci and streptococci in considerable numbers indicates that the media used were suitable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative and Qualitative Aspects of Aerial Bacteria and Dust in Swine Houses

Curtis

Drummond

Grunloh

et al. 1975

Journal of Animal Science

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Aerial levels of bacterial-colony-forming particles (BCFP) in lung-depositable size ranges were determined using an eight-stage Andersen viable sampler with tryptose agar. Aerial levels of BCFP~< 4.7/am and ~<3.3/am in aerodynamic diameter were significantly and positively correlated with total-aerial-BCFP level in swinehouse air. On average, 31% of aerial BCFP were ~<4.7 /am and 15% were ~<3.3 /am in four University enclosed swine houses (n = 192); 30% and 22%, respectively, in a University modified-open-front house (n = 44) and 28% and 11%, respectively, in 12 houses at five commercial operations (n = 24). Aerial-dust level was determined using a Staplex highvolume sampler. Aerial-BCFP and-dust levels were significantly and positively correlated. There tended to be fewer aerial BCFP per unit of aerial dust in the modified-open-front house than in the enclosed houses at the University.Ten swine houses at commercial operations and four at the University were studied a total of 16 times to determine concentrations and sizes of aerial bacterial particles which formed colonies on tryptose (general medium), Chapman-Stone (special medium for staphylococci), KF Streptococcus (fecal streptococci) and Mac-Conkey (coliforms) agars, respectively. Ratio of bacterial-colony-forming-particle (BCFP) count on Chapman-Stone agar to that on tryptose averaged .36, that on KF Streptococcus to that on tryptose averaged .13 and that on Mac-Conkey to that on tryptose averaged less than .01. Twenty-one percent of the staphylococcal BCFP and streptococcal BCFP, respectively, and 9% of the coliform BCFP, were lung-depositable (~<4.7 /am in diameter). Nitrogen content of aerial dust in a swine-finishing house, in which a 13% crude-protein (CP) diet was fed, averaged 4.6%, or (4.6 x 6.25) = 28.7% CP (n = 17). Settled dust in a farrowing house, in which a 12% CP diet was used, averaged 23.3% CP (n = 6), whereas that in a room in which diets having 12 to 16% CP were prepared averaged 13.0% CP (n = 4). It was concluded that much of the dust in swine-house air was feed dust. (

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“…The detection of coliform bacteria and viruses falling out onto surfaces in the bathroom after flushing indicated that these organisms remain airborne long enough to settle on surfaces throughout the bathroom. The number of E. coli detected on the agar plates is probably a minimal value since airborne bacteria are damaged during aerosolization and by environmental stresses, making growth on selective media more difficult (13). These data also do not take into account the accumulation of organisms on the walls and other surfaces of the bathroom.…”

Section: Considerable Numbers Of Bacteria and Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological Hazards of Household Toilets: Droplet Production and the Fate of Residual Organisms

Gerba

Wallis

Melnick

1975

Applied Microbiology

114

111

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Large numbers of bacteria and viruses when seeded into household toilets were shown to remain in the bowl after flushing, and even continual flushing could not remove a persistent fraction. This was found to be due to the adsorption of the organisms to the porcelain surfaces of the bowl, with gradual elution occurring after each flush. Droplets produced by flushing toilets were found to harbor both bacteria and viruses which had been seeded. The detection of bacteria and viruses falling out onto surfaces in bathrooms after flushing indicated that they remain airborne long enough to settle on surfaces throughout the bathroom. Thus, there is a possibility that a person may acquire an infection from an aerosol produced by a toilet.

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Selective Media in Air Sampling: A Review

Cited by 22 publications

References 69 publications

Aerosols containing Legionella pneumophila generated by shower heads and hot-water faucets

Aerosols containing Legionella pneumophila generated by shower heads and hot-water faucets

Relative and Qualitative Aspects of Aerial Bacteria and Dust in Swine Houses

Microbiological Hazards of Household Toilets: Droplet Production and the Fate of Residual Organisms

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