1975
DOI: 10.1128/aem.30.2.229-237.1975
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Abstract: Large numbers of bacteria and viruses when seeded into household toilets were shown to remain in the bowl after flushing, and even continual flushing could not remove a persistent fraction. This was found to be due to the adsorption of the organisms to the porcelain surfaces of the bowl, with gradual elution occurring after each flush. Droplets produced by flushing toilets were found to harbor both bacteria and viruses which had been seeded. The detection of bacteria and viruses falling out onto surfaces in ba… Show more

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Cited by 114 publications
(120 citation statements)
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References 14 publications
(17 reference statements)
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“…Viruses aerosolized from flushing the toilet can remain airborne long enough to contaminate surfaces throughout the bathroom. 75 Infectious agents introduced into the home via food include Salmonella, campylobacter, listeria, and E coli O157. A variety of foods can act as a source of these organisms, including meat, fish and poultry products, dairy products, fruits, and vegetables.…”
Section: Microbiologic Studies Of the Spread Of Pathogens Via Hands Amentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Viruses aerosolized from flushing the toilet can remain airborne long enough to contaminate surfaces throughout the bathroom. 75 Infectious agents introduced into the home via food include Salmonella, campylobacter, listeria, and E coli O157. A variety of foods can act as a source of these organisms, including meat, fish and poultry products, dairy products, fruits, and vegetables.…”
Section: Microbiologic Studies Of the Spread Of Pathogens Via Hands Amentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Human pathogens such as Escherichia coli (E.coli), Enterococcus faecalis, and Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens) have been found shed in feces. Previous studies have shown that extremely high bacteria concentrations per gram of stool (of about 10 5 to 10 9 for Shigella and 10 4 to 10 8 for Salmonella) are contained in the feces of some infected persons, and concentrations of 10 8 to 10 9 have been reported for norovirus [2]. In addition, gastrointestinal pathogens, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), deadly avian influenza viruses and the Ebola virus have been found in fecal materials [3][4][5].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A single toilet flushing generates between hundreds of thousands and millions of aerosols, due to the force of water running down the surfaces of the bowl, and the turbulence caused by water mixing in the bowl [6,7]. When pathogenic organisms are shed along with fecal materials into the toilet bowl, numerous pathogen-laden droplets of aerosol are produced [8][9][10].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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