Selective and sensitive chromogenic and fluorogenic detection of sulfur mustard in organic, aqueous and gaseous medium

Abstract

A chromogenic and fluorogenic system based on a squaraine dye (SQ) was used for the highly selective and sensitive detection of the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard.

Chemodosimeter for Selective and Sensitive Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Detection of Mustard Gas for Real Time Analysis

“…Given sensing conditions, i.e., 60 °C for 1 min is not sufficient for 1 to react with these less reactive anlaytes. Although, performing the reaction under harsh conditions such as high temperature (80 °C) and prolong reaction time (16 h) may also lead to product formation, which is not the desired situation in our case.…”

“…Design and Synthesis of Chemical Probe. With an approach to integrate both the components (receptor and indicator) in a single probe molecule, we used the chemistry established by Elslager (1962) which describes the S-alkylation of acridine thione. 21 We have successfully utilized this strategy by reacting the electrophilic episulfonium intermediate of SM (Scheme 1) in an ionizing solvent with a good nucleophile such as thiolate anion of acridine thione (Figure 3).…”

“…In the last years, Anslyn and our group are exploring the strategies to develop selective, sensitive, and easy to use methods in “actual sense” that not only detects the chemical agents in the solution phase but also in the environmental samples. In this attempt, the first fluorescent and chromo-fluorogenic sensors with excellent selectivity and sensitivity were reported . The chemosensor was effective but demanding two basic components along with a receptor.…”

Simultaneous determination of sulfur mustard and related oxidation products by isotope-dilution LC–MS/MS method coupled with a chemical conversion

“…The reaction mechanism of SM was clear, it underwent an internal S N 2 type reaction to form an episulfonium ion, and then an external S N 2 type mechanism was completed, via the DSH attacking episulfonium ions [1,19]. However, the reaction mechanism of SMO and SMO 2 were still unclear.…”

“…Sulfur mustard (SM), also known as bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, is a well-known "king of chemical warfare agents" since it had caused a large quantity of casualties in World War I, then IranIraq conflict, and until now none antidote has been developed [1]. It has been reported that SM leaded to about 80% of all chemical casualties in World War I [2], and caused 40,000-50,000 injuries in Iran-Iraq conflict [3].…”