Selection of species for cancer bioassay for naphthylamine-containing food colours on the basis of tissue-mediated mutagenicity

Stoltz, D.R.; Bendall, R.; Starvic, B.; Munro, I.C.

doi:10.1016/0165-1161(78)90346-1

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Mutagens entering freshwaters due to incomplete removal in wastewater treatment systems and occurring in drinking water abstracted from polluted lakes and rivers result in adverse effects on aquatic , and human life . Although several studies tried to identify the chemicals that cause the mutagenicity in the rivers, in only few cases individual chemicals could be identified as the cause of the observed effect, − whereas in other studies the origin of mutagenicity was inconclusive and could not be explained by identified compounds. − Along with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-aromatic compounds, aromatic amines are an important compound class with many suspected or known environmental mutagens. − Aromatic amines are used as industrial chemicals and may be formed by transformation of pesticides, dyes and nitroaromatic compounds. − Compounds like naphthylamines, substituted anilines , or benzidine analogues are well-studied for their mutagenic/carcinogenic potentials. Furthermore, it was shown that heterocyclic aromatic amines such as 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5- f ]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5- f ]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-alpha-carboline (AαC) or 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5- b ]pyridine (PhIP) originating from grilled/fried meat and fish are discharged by sewage effluents and contribute significantly to the mutagenicity of surface waters. , All of these compound groups require metabolic activation by the N -oxidation to aryl- N -hydroxylamines, which in turn form nitrenium ions, the reactive electrophilic metabolite which covalently binds to DNA .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15−17 Aromatic amines are used as industrial chemicals and may be formed by transformation of pesticides, dyes and nitroaromatic compounds. 18−22 Compounds like naphthylamines, 23 substituted anilines 24,25 or benzidine analogues 26 are well-studied for their mutagenic/carcinogenic potentials. Furthermore, it was shown that heterocyclic aromatic amines such as 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f ]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f ]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-alpha-carboline (AαC) or 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) originating from grilled/fried meat and fish are discharged by sewage effluents and contribute significantly to the mutagenicity of surface waters.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mutagenicity in Surface Waters: Synergistic Effects of Carboline Alkaloids and Aromatic Amines

Muz

Krauß

Kutsarova

et al. 2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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For decades, mutagenicity has been observed in many surface waters with a possible link to the presence of aromatic amines. River Rhine is a well-known example of this phenomenon but responsible compound(s) are still unknown. To identify the mutagenic compounds, we applied effect-directed analysis (EDA) utilizing novel analytical and biological approaches to a water sample extract from the lower Rhine. We could identify 21 environmental contaminants including two weakly mutagenic aromatic amines, and the known alkaloid comutagen norharman along with two related β-carboline alkaloids, carboline, and 5-carboline, which were reported the first time in surface waters. Results of mixture tests showed a strong synergism of the identified aromatic amines not only with norharman, but also with carboline and 5-carboline. Additionally, other nitrogen-containing compounds also contributed to the mutagenicity when aromatic amines were present. Thus, comutagenicity of β-carboline alkaloids with aromatic amines is shown to occur in surface waters. These results strongly suggest that surface water mutagenicity is highly complex and driven by synergistic mechanisms of a complex compound mixture (of which many are yet unidentified) rather than by single compounds. Therefore, mixture effects should be considered not only from mutagens alone, but also including possible comutagens and nonmutagenic compounds.

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