Selection of indicator contaminants of emerging concern when reusing reclaimed water for irrigation — A proposed methodology

Verlicchi, Paola; Grillini, Vittoria; Lacasa, Engracia; Archer, Edward; Kreminski, P.; Gomes, Ana I.; Vilar, Vítor J.P.; Rodrigo, Manuel A.; Gäbler, Jan; Schäfer, Lothar

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162359

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Little interest has been shown in the purification treatment, focusing on the risk to the environment and evaluating the indicators of the presence, persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity of contaminants. Hence, the impact of waste from the purification process has been evaluated [38]. Conversely, past studies have emphasized the efficacy of UV/chloramine for removal and observed the impacts of coexisting chloramines rather than the use of solar energy considered in this paper [39].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, some scholars have proposed a methodology for identifying the indicators of the relevant contaminants of emerging concern during reuse for irrigation purposes [38]. It has emerged that the indicators that must be considered when reusing reclaimed wastewater for irrigation are soil and crop risk assessments, surface water and groundwater, which may come into contact with contaminants of emerging concern by surface runoff and percolation due to their movement once in the land.…”

Section: Sample Papersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Presents a shortlist of CECs included in regular monitoring programs during reuse operations [38] Note: Source: Personal elaboration by the authors. * acronyms listed at the end of the paper.…”

Section: Identification Of Relevant Indicators Cec For Performance Ev...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the Sustainability of Photodegradation and Photocatalysis for Wastewater Reuse in an Agricultural Resilience Context

Crovella,

Paiano

2023

Water

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The growths in worldwide population—of up to 8.5 billion people by 2030—and agriculture have put great pressure on water resources, above all in arid and drought-prone areas. Nowadays, water scarcity, drought and the pollution of wastewater are considered major issues of concern. For this reason, the authors provided an overview of two methods of wastewater water purification and removing pollutants for use in crop irrigation in a sustainable manner. The novelty lies in the reuse of recovered wastewater, purified through photodegradation and photocatalysis technologies using solar energy. The knowledge of the environmental impacts associated with the use of recycled water with these photo-processes to irrigate crops under field conditions is still scarce. In the future, this issue will be important. In particular, photodegradation and photocatalysis achieve a sustainable reduction in contaminants contained in wastewater of between 35% and 100%. The use of bismuth vanadate supports the complete removal of pollutants, and the implementation of catalytic membranes makes these processes more circular. This research was performed under the “Progetto GRINS “Growing Resilient, Inclusive and Sustainable” with the aim of “Building a dataset for the circular economy of the main Italian production systems”.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Papersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the Sustainability of Photodegradation and Photocatalysis for Wastewater Reuse in an Agricultural Resilience Context

Crovella,

Paiano

2023

Water

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“…This imbalance is resulting in an unequal distribution and in a depletion of water resources 1,2 . In the years to come, increasing temperatures will exacerbate water scarcity by altering precipitation patterns, diminishing crop yields in both irrigated and rainfed agricultural areas and reducing livestock productivity due to prolonged or extreme temperature fluctuations [3][4][5] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering that agricultural irrigation constitutes 70% of global water consumption and that evidence of droughts and severe storms is becoming more common on a global scale, particularly impacting the agricultural sector, there is a strong rationale for the implementation of water reuse strategies [3][4][5] (https://www.oecd.org/agriculture/topics/water-and-agriculture/).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change, circular economy and foodborne pathogens: assessment of pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. in irrigation water in Italy

Barbieri,

Gigliucci,

Palma

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The use of reclaimed water from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in agriculture represents a sustainable way to reduce water footprint. However, outbreaks linked to the consumption of contaminated ready-to-eat food (RTE) have frequently been associated with the presence of foodborne pathogens in irrigation water. To deepen the hazard characterization of water used for crop irrigation, reclaimed and surface water samples (n=15), collected in Northern Italy in spring and summer, were analysed via Real Time PCR, before and after an enrichment treatment, to detect virulence genes of STEC (Shiga toxin producing - E. coli); EPEC (Enteropathogenic E. coli); EAEC (Enteroaggregative E. coli); EIEC (Enteroinvasive E. coli); ETEC (Enterotoxigenic E. coli) and Salmonella spp. Virulence genes of Salmonella spp. and all E. coli pathogroups were detected in 14/15 samples. 11/14 samples showed the presence of pathogenic E. coli both pre- and post-enrichment. The most detected genes were stx1, stx2, eae, followed by aggR, aaiC, ipaH, lt, stp, sth genes. Four enriched samples were positive for invA gene. Four strains were isolated from enriched samples, including one STEC (stx1+) strain and two Salmonella Veneziana strains from surface water samples, and one strain of S. Taksony from a WWTP sample. The detection of viable pathogens in irrigation water suggests that the depurative treatments may not be fully effective in eliminating pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. in reclaimed water. A conditioned use of surface water is needed to reduce the pathogen input on crops. Furthermore, the higher positive signals recorded after rainfalls suggest that pathogen mobilization is linked to precipitation patterns. Since the detection of pathogenic E. coli in agricultural water is not regulated by the Italian and European legislation, except for STEC O157 in spent irrigation water, their likely presence should be adequately considered and risk-oriented, depending on climatic conditions, processing technologies and type of agricultural use.

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Linking conventional activated sludge treatment plant performances for micropollutants removal to environmental risk and SimpleTreat model assessment

Di Marcantonio,

Chiavola,

Spagnoli

et al. 2024

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The attention to the contaminants of emerging concerns or micropollutants is continuously rising, also stimulated by the new initiatives at European level. The present study focuses on the removal of target micropollutants in a conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plant which is the most common system and considered a source of micropollutants to the environment. The aims were to evaluate the removal efficiency of different stages of the wastewater treatment plant and to conduct the Environmental Risk Assessment on the final effluent. As indicated by the European’s guidelines on Environmental Risk Assessment, the SimpleTreat4.1 model was applied to this purpose: different values of the biodegradation constant, which represents the key factor for modelling, were applied, and the effects on the quality of prediction were evaluated. The evaluations were carried out thorough 3-year monitoring activity in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant on 10 micropollutants belonging to the classes of illicit drugs, pharmaceuticals and psychoactive. The model was found statistically not satisfactory for most of the investigated micropollutants. A better prediction was obtained when the biodegradation constant was calculated based on the full-scale data. Nonetheless, the results obtained in terms of risk were considered acceptable and comparable among each other. Graphical abstract

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Selection of indicator contaminants of emerging concern when reusing reclaimed water for irrigation — A proposed methodology

Cited by 20 publications

References 80 publications

Assessing the Sustainability of Photodegradation and Photocatalysis for Wastewater Reuse in an Agricultural Resilience Context

Assessing the Sustainability of Photodegradation and Photocatalysis for Wastewater Reuse in an Agricultural Resilience Context

Climate change, circular economy and foodborne pathogens: assessment of pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. in irrigation water in Italy

Linking conventional activated sludge treatment plant performances for micropollutants removal to environmental risk and SimpleTreat model assessment

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