Selection and Reversion of Azamethiphos-Resistance in a Field Population of the Housefly <I>Musca domestica</I> (Diptera: Muscidae), and the Underlying Biochemical Mechanisms

Abstract

The organophosphorus insecticide, azamethiphos, is widely used throughout the world to control the housefly, Musca domestica (L.). Since its commercial introduction to Denmark in 1983 for this purpose, we have monitored the toxicity of azamethiphos to housefly populations at livestock farms throughout the country and carried out regular field studies. The findings of our field studies, which have revealed a strong potential for resistance development, have been born out by regular surveys showing that resistance has increased in recent years. Through the analysis of a field derived laboratory strain, we have implicated oxidative and hydrolytic mechanisms together with altered acetylcholinesterase in this resistance. Our field and laboratory studies have also indicated that resistance is relatively unstable, and can revert in the absence of selection. The implications of our findings for the continued efficacy of azamethiphos are discussed.

Effects of Piperonyl Butoxide and Tetramethrin Combinations on Biological Activities of Selected Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides against Different Housefly (Musca domestica L., Diptera: Muscidae) Populations

“…These counts increased dramatically to 150 and 198 vector species in 1980150 and 198 vector species in and 1990150 and 198 vector species in , respectively (WHO 1992. In addition, several studies, such as Elyassaki (1986), Kasai and Scott (2000), Kristensen et al (2000), and Kočišová et al (2002), reported that house flies have started developing resistance against synthetic pyrethroids, as well as various other insecticide groups recently. The same results were found in studies conducted in Turkey (Tezok et.…”

Genetics and mechanism of resistance to deltamethrin in the house fly, Musca domestica L., from Pakistan

“…Such studies unveil the mechanisms and mode of inheritance of insecticide resistance, its stability and crossresistance to other insecticides which ultimately lead to a more probable estimation of resistance risks in insect pests, and management of this resistance. The genetic basis of insecticide resistance has been well documented in different insect pests around the world: For example, Cydia pomonella from France (Bouvier et al 2001), Helicoverpa armigera from Australia (Daly and Fisk 1992), Plutella xylostella form Malaysia (Sayyed and Wright 2001), Spodoptera litura from Pakistan (Ahmad et al 2007), Musca domestica from China (Shi et al 2011), the United States (Kaufman et al 2010) and Denmark (Kristensen et al 2000). However, there is a lack of information at Pakistan level.…”

Baseline susceptibility and resistance stability of Earias vittella fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to cypermethrin, deltamethrin and spinosad

“…A reduction in resistance levels may be due to the negative effects of resistance genes on fitness components without insecticide selection pressure. When insecticide exposure is not a constant factor, the susceptibility of resistant individuals may change in the absence of selection pressure under laboratory conditions (Abbas et al 2014b;Kristensen et al 2000;Roush 1993).…”