Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease

Ezzati, Majid; Lopez, Alan D; Rodgers, Anthony; Hoorn, Stephen Vander; Murray, Christopher J L

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11403-6

Cited by 3,272 publications

(2,410 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…for outcome categories for which alcohol is a component cause. AAFs can be interpreted as the proportion of an outcome in a specific population, which would not occur if there had been no alcohol use 11, 29. In discussing the various conditions, we also refer to the Bradford Hill criteria 30, with most emphasis on pathophysiology.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alcohol consumption has been identified as a major contributor to the burden of disease and mortality in all the global Comparative Risk Assessments (CRAs 1) conducted thus far as part of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) studies 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and in the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Status Reports on Alcohol and Health and their predecessors 8, 9, 10. All CRAs restricted themselves to modifiable risk factors 11, where the modifications could be linked to reductions in the disease burden 12.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All CRAs restricted themselves to modifiable risk factors 11, where the modifications could be linked to reductions in the disease burden 12. As a consequence, they have become crucial for guiding health policy 13, not only in terms of primary prevention 14, 15, 16, but also in terms of secondary prevention and health systems management 17, 18, 19.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update

et al. 2017

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Background and aimsAlcohol use is a major contributor to injuries, mortality and the burden of disease. This review updates knowledge on risk relations between dimensions of alcohol use and health outcomes to be used in global and national Comparative Risk Assessments (CRAs).MethodsSystematic review of reviews and meta‐analyses on alcohol consumption and health outcomes attributable to alcohol use.For dimensions of exposure: volume of alcohol use, blood alcohol concentration and patterns of drinking, in particular heavy drinking occasions were studied. For liver cirrhosis, quality of alcohol was additionally considered. For all outcomes (mortality and/or morbidity): cause of death and disease/injury categories based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes used in global CRAs; harm to others.ResultsIn total, 255 reviews and meta‐analyses were identified. Alcohol use was found to be linked causally to many disease and injury categories, with more than 40 ICD‐10 three‐digit categories being fully attributable to alcohol. Most partially attributable disease categories showed monotonic relationships with volume of alcohol use: the more alcohol consumed, the higher the risk of disease or death. Exceptions were ischaemic diseases and diabetes, with curvilinear relationships, and with beneficial effects of light to moderate drinking in people without heavy irregular drinking occasions. Biological pathways suggest an impact of heavy drinking occasions on additional diseases; however, the lack of medical epidemiological studies measuring this dimension of alcohol use precluded an in‐depth analysis. For injuries, except suicide, blood alcohol concentration was the most important dimension of alcohol use. Alcohol use caused marked harm to others, which has not yet been researched sufficiently.ConclusionsResearch since 2010 confirms the importance of alcohol use as a risk factor for disease and injuries; for some health outcomes, more than one dimension of use needs to be considered. Epidemiological studies should include measurement of heavy drinking occasions in line with biological knowledge.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update

et al. 2017

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“…The associated loss of healthy life years amounts to almost 20 million disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) from perinatal causes and almost 3·5 million from maternal causes (Stoltzfus et al , 2004). Observational studies on the relationship between anaemia and maternal mortality typically suffer from severe methodological shortcomings (reviewed by Rush, 2000) that preclude solid conclusions about causality.…”

Section: Benefits Of Antenatal Iron Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and benefits of antenatal oral iron supplementation in low‐income countries: a review

2017

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SummaryThe World Health Organization recommends universal iron supplementation of 30–60 mg/day in pregnancy but coverage is low in most countries. Its efficacy is uncertain, however, and there has been a vigorous debate in the last decade about its safety, particularly in areas with a high burden of malaria and other infectious diseases. We reviewed the evidence on the safety and efficacy of antenatal iron supplementation in low‐income countries. We found no evidence that daily supplementation at a dose of 60 mg leads to increased maternal Plasmodium infection risk. On the other hand, recent meta‐analyses found that antenatal iron supplementation provides benefits for maternal health (severe anaemia at postpartum, blood transfusion). For neonates, there was a reduced prematurity risk, and only a small or no effect on birth weight. A recent trial showed, however, that benefits of antenatal iron supplementation on maternal and neonatal health vary by maternal iron status, with substantial benefits in iron‐deficient women. The benefits of universal iron supplementation are likely to vary with the prevalence of iron deficiency. As a consequence, the balance between benefits and risks is probably more favourable in low‐income countries than in high‐income countries despite the higher exposure to infectious pathogens.

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“…Another group of extrinsic determinants of health include human activities and environmental determinants [27]. Human activities have an impact on the environment, and in doing so, they create conditions which have an impact on the epidemiological pattern of some communicable diseases including NDs [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neglected diseases of neglected populations: Thinking to reshape the determinants of health in Latin America and the Caribbean

2005

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BackgroundPeople living in poverty throughout the developing world are heavily burdened with neglected communicable diseases and often marginalized by the health sector. These diseases are currently referred to as Neglected Diseases of Neglected Populations. The neglected diseases create social and financial burdens to the individual, the family, the community, and the nation.DiscussionNumerous studies of successful individual interventions to manage communicable disease determinants in various types of communities have been published, but few have applied multiple interventions in an integrated, coordinated manner. We have identified a series of successful interventions and developed three hypothetical scenarios where such interventions could be applied in an integrated, multi-disease, inter-programmatic, and/or inter-sectoral approach for prevention and control of neglected diseases in three different populations: a slum, an indigenous community, and a city with a mix of populations.SummaryThe objective of this paper is to identify new opportunities to address neglected diseases, improve community health and promote sustainable development in neglected populations by highlighting examples of key risk and protective factors for neglected diseases which can be managed and implemented through multi-disease-based, integrated, inter-programmatic, and/or inter-sectoral approaches. Based on a literature review, analysis and development of scenarios we visualize how multiple interventions could manage multiple disease problems and propose these as possible strategies to be tested. We seek to stimulate intra- and inter-sectoral dialogue which will help in the construction of new strategies for neglected diseases (particularly for the parasitic diseases) which could benefit the poor and marginalized based on the principle of sustainability and understanding of key determinants of health, and lead to the establishment of pilot projects and activities which can contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.

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Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease

Cited by 3,272 publications

References 40 publications

The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update

The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update

Safety and benefits of antenatal oral iron supplementation in low‐income countries: a review

Neglected diseases of neglected populations: Thinking to reshape the determinants of health in Latin America and the Caribbean

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