Selected Calcium Salt Formulations: Interactions between Spray Deposit Characteristics and Ca Penetration with Consequences for Rain-Induced Wash-Off

Does the microclimate under hail nets influence micromorphological characteristics of apple leaves and cuticles?

“…Considering that samples were taken from an orchard that was regularly sprayed with agrochemicals, an influence of included adjuvants cannot be excluded, since these may have a long-lasting effect on the surface (Baur et al, 2001). On the other hand, the calcium penetration levels observed here support recent studies on two unsprayed apple cultivars (Kraemer et al, 2009b). On such easily wettable surfaces, droplet solutions will spread and induce a homogeneous distribution of calcium within the spread area, which is a prerequisite for its high penetration (Kraemer et al, 2009a).…”

Improving the performance of calcium-containing spray formulations to limit the incidence of bitter pit in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.)

“…Regarding the mechanisms of action of CMC, in addition to its potential to lower the point of deliquescence of the Ca formulation and capacity to increase the retention of the fertiliser by the plant surface as shown in this investigation, it should be added the fact that it may change the distribution of Ca within the spray drop and may also affect the rainfastness of Ca treatments, as suggested by Kraemer et al (2009b). However, more research efforts are required to clarify the mode of action of foliar formulation additives in combination with active ingredients as a strategy to improve the performance of nutrient sprays under field conditions.…”

Characterization and use efficiency of sparingly soluble fertilizer of boron and zinc for foliar application in coffee plants

“…Experiment III (B and Zn) 0 300 600 900 1,200 1,500 1,800 0 300 600 900 1,200 1,500 1,800 0 300 600 900 1,200 1,500 1,800 0 300 600 900 1,200 1,500 1,800 For SSFs, the fact that the particles were retained on the leaf surface for a long period and the environmental conditions of the greenhouse, nebulized daily to simulate dew, provided a favorable condition for the gradual solubilization of these sources, that ensured the continuous supply of micronutrients to the leaves during the intervals of greatest need for the plant Du et al 2015). Those sources would be also less susceptible to runoff during the rainy season, when the adherent particles can continue to supply nutrients (Kraemer et al 2009). The spray droplet distribution is also important, since the total amount of ions absorbed by the leaves is limited by the area of the cuticle covered by the sprayed solution.…”