Seismic monitoring of a small CO2 injection using a multi-well DAS array: Operations and initial results of Stage 3 of the CO2CRC Otway project

Pevzner, Roman; Isaenkov, Roman; Yavuz, Sinem; Yurikov, Alexey; Tertyshnikov, Konstantin; Shashkin, Pavel; Gurevich, Boris; Correa, Julia; Glubokovskikh, Stanislav; Wood, Todd; Freifeld, Barry; Barraclough, Paul

doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2021.103437

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…However, the information contains good repeatability having ∼10%−15% of NRMS. 117,118,192 These techniques confirm and show that the injected CO 2 has remained safe in the deep geological formation. Also evaluate the effect of CO 2 to the quality of water if leakage is happened due to CO 2 migration.…”

Section: Currently Operating Carbon Dioxide Projectssupporting

confidence: 59%

Advances in Carbon Dioxide Storage Projects: Assessment and Perspectives

Yang

Shao

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a climate change mitigation method in which anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) is captured from large point sources and stored in geological formations, in the ocean, or through mineral carbonation. CO2 can be injected and stored for a variety of reasons, including permanent disposal or enhanced oil recovery in certain oil fields. The main objective of this paper is to assess the advances made in CO2 storage projects globally. This study reviews the major companies/businesses that are involved in CCS deployment. The study also presents the alternative for the sequestration of CO2 into the geological formations through existing major projects. It explains their progress, structural and faulting configuration, CO2 transportation and injection, potential CO2 source(s), estimation of the storage capacity, etc. This study also highlights the monitoring programs that are used in different operating projects and the status of active projects. The study suggests that CCS faces further deployment challenges due to the heterogeneity and complexity of rock formations, high cost of deployment, possibility of formation damage during injection and potential for migration and leakage of CO2. Additionally, inappropriate strategy for CO2 injection may lead to wellbore integrity problems, formation of hydrates, and inadequate pressure control. More researchparticularly, geological evaluation before injection and storageis apparently needed.

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Section: Currently Operating Carbon Dioxide Projectssupporting

confidence: 59%

Advances in Carbon Dioxide Storage Projects: Assessment and Perspectives

Yang

Shao

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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“…The Otway project is ideal for such a test, as it operates nine permanent sources of seismic energy known as surface orbital vibrators (SOVs). Analysis of SOV/DAS data over 2 years confirms the stability of this system [ 7 , 25 ]. Longer-term stability is yet to be explored.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…DAS data have been acquired continuously in all of these wells and used for active [ 7 ] and passive monitoring, commencing 22 April 2020. The event detection and analysis use data recorded until the end of December 2021, which covers 7 months of pre-injection data, the entire CO 2 injection period (4 months), and at least 8 months after the end of injection, apart for a few operational gaps (less than 3.5% of the overall observation period).…”

Section: Experiments Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both of these factors can be partly mitigated by the use of permanent receivers such as distributed acoustic sensors or DAS [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] and/or sources [ 6 ]. Recently, Pevzner, et al [ 7 ] demonstrated how the multi-well offset vertical seismic profiling (VSP) using downhole DAS receivers and permanent seismic sources can continuously track a small CO 2 plume, producing an image of the subsurface as frequently as every 2 days.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monitoring Injected CO2 Using Earthquake Waves Measured by Downhole Fibre-Optic Sensors: CO2CRC Otway Stage 3 Case Study

Shashkin

Gurevich

Yavuz

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Monitoring changes of formation properties along the well bore associated with the presence of carbon dioxide can be important for both tracking the plume inside of the primary containment and detecting leakage into the zone located above the reservoir. This can be achieved with time lapse wireline logging, but this approach requires well intervention and is not always possible. If the well is permanently instrumented with an optical fibre, it can be used as a distributed seismic receiver array to detect gas behind the casing by monitoring changes in amplitude of the seismic waves generated by active or passive seismic sources. Previous research showed the efficacy of this technique using continuous seismic sources. The Stage 3 Otway Project presented an opportunity to test this technique using passive seismic recording, as downhole fibre-optic arrays recorded numerous regional earthquakes over the period of nearly 2 years before, during, and after CO2 injection. Analysis of P-wave amplitudes extracted from these downhole gathers shows a consistent amplitude anomaly at the injection level, visible in all events that occurred after the start of injection. This indicates that the anomaly is caused by changes in elastic properties in the reservoir caused by CO2 saturation. However, extracted amplitudes show significant variability between earthquakes even without subsurface changes; thus, multiple events are required to distinguish the time-lapse anomaly from time-lapse noise. Ubiquity of these events even in a tectonically quiet region (such as Australia) makes this technique a viable and cost-effective option for downhole monitoring.

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“…The site contains a continuous seismic monitoring system, which includes five monitoring wells instrumented with DAS and nine permanent surface orbital vibrators (SOVs) operating daily [ 25 ]. The purpose of the system is monitoring injection and migration of CO 2 in the subsurface [ 26 ]. For this experiment, we used two elements of the monitoring system: a DAS cable installed behind the casing of one of the monitoring wells and an SOV deployed on the surface ~40 m away from the wellhead.…”

Section: Experiments 2: Permanent Surface Orbital Vibratorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of Nonlinear Seismic Effects in the Earth from Downhole Distributed Acoustic Sensors

Yurikov

Gurevich

Tertyshnikov

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Seismic velocities and elastic moduli of rocks are known to vary significantly with applied stress, which indicates that these materials exhibit nonlinear elasticity. Monochromatic waves in nonlinear elastic media are known to generate higher harmonics and combinational frequencies. Such effects have the potential to be used for broadening the frequency band of seismic sources, characterization of the subsurface, and safety monitoring of civil engineering infrastructure. However, knowledge on nonlinear seismic effects is still scarce, which impedes the development of their practical applications. To explore the potential of nonlinear seismology, we performed three experiments: two in the field and one in the laboratory. The first field experiment used two vibroseis sources generating signals with two different monochromatic frequencies. The second field experiment used a surface orbital vibrator with two eccentric motors working at different frequencies. In both experiments, the generated wavefield was recorded in a borehole using a fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing cable. Both experiments showed combinational frequencies, harmonics, and other intermodulation products of the fundamental frequencies both on the surface and at depth. Laboratory experiments replicated the setup of the field test with vibroseis sources and showed similar nonlinear combinations of fundamental frequencies. Amplitudes of the nonlinear signals observed in the laboratory showed variation with the saturating fluid. These results confirm that nonlinear components of the wavefield propagate as body waves, are likely to generate within rock formations, and can be potentially used for reservoir fluid characterization.

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Seismic monitoring of a small CO2 injection using a multi-well DAS array: Operations and initial results of Stage 3 of the CO2CRC Otway project

Cited by 23 publications

References 45 publications

Advances in Carbon Dioxide Storage Projects: Assessment and Perspectives

Advances in Carbon Dioxide Storage Projects: Assessment and Perspectives

Monitoring Injected CO2 Using Earthquake Waves Measured by Downhole Fibre-Optic Sensors: CO2CRC Otway Stage 3 Case Study

Evidence of Nonlinear Seismic Effects in the Earth from Downhole Distributed Acoustic Sensors

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