Seismic microzoning in Skopje, Macedonia

Lee, V.W.; Trifunac, Mihailo D.; Bulajić, Borko Đ.; Manić, M.I.; Herak, Davorka; Herak, Marijan; Dimov, Gorgi

doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.04.007

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Expectations of all UHS amplitudes will then have the same probability of exceedance in t years. Several recent studies of seismic microzonation in the region of north-western Balkans [25][26][27][28][29][30], which considered frequency-dependent attenuation equations and took also into account the deep geology effects, have confirmed the merits of the UHS approach. The comparison between the UHS-based and standard seismic microzonation studies is presented in Figure 3.…”

Section: Citymentioning

confidence: 81%

“…However, several regional seismic microzonation and strong ground motion studies [24][25][26][27][28][29][30] have shown that the deep geology, i.e., the geological characteristics up to depths of hundreds of meters or even a few kilometers [31], strongly influence seismic waves with both the shorter and longer oscillation periods. These studies show that even if the shallow geology description takes into account more than 30 m of the local soil depth (e.g., in the case we use the Seed's et al [32] classification), empirical predictions may still be biased, so the deeper geology conditions need to be considered.…”

Section: Citymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Contribution to a UHS-Based Seismic Risk Assessment in Croatia—A Case Study for the City of Osijek

2020

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Due to increases in the number of inhabitants and their concentrations in densely populated areas, there is a growing need in modern society to be cautious towards the impact of catastrophic natural events. An earthquake is a particularly major example of this. Knowledge of the seismic vulnerability of buildings in Europe and around the world has deepened and expanded over the last 20 years, as a result of the many devastating earthquakes. In this study, a review of seismic risk assessment methods in Croatia was presented with respect to the hazard, exposure, and vulnerability of buildings in the fourth largest city (Osijek) in Croatia. The proposed algorithm for a detailed risk assessment was applied to a database and is currently in its initial stage.Sustainability 2020, 12, 1796 2 of 24 to estimate the losses. These losses can be assessed in a material form, through the damage of the building stock or non-structural elements of buildings, or in the form of casualties or injuries during the earthquake [10,11]. The last step is to analyze uncertainties, costs, decision-making criteria, etc. The ultimate goal of studying earthquakes and their impact on people and buildings is to create a safer environment, in case an earthquake occurs.The basic elements of the earthquake risk assessment process are shown in Figure 1.Sustainability 2020, 12, 1796 2 of 25 probable intensity in a given geographical area). Then, based on the available data from the exposure model, evaluate the damage using one of the existing vulnerability assessment methods in order to estimate the losses. These losses can be assessed in a material form, through the damage of the building stock or non-structural elements of buildings, or in the form of casualties or injuries during the earthquake [10,11]. The last step is to analyze uncertainties, costs, decision-making criteria, etc. The ultimate goal of studying earthquakes and their impact on people and buildings is to create a safer environment, in case an earthquake occurs. The basic elements of the earthquake risk assessment process are shown in Figure 1.

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Section: Citymentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Citymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Contribution to a UHS-Based Seismic Risk Assessment in Croatia—A Case Study for the City of Osijek

2020

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“…Several recent studies have shown that such local soil and groundwater features may significantly affect the severity of the surface ground motion during strong earthquakes [10][11][12][13]. Seismic microzonation studies in the north-western Balkans [14][15][16][17][18] and a recent study of strong earthquake ground motion in the same region [19] have also shown that deep geological sediments strongly affect the severity of both longer and shorter wave periods. The same studies have shown that in areas with moderate local seismicity but with deep geological sediments, the severity of longer wave periods can be significant during more distant earthquakes.…”

Section: Seismic Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Seismic Vulnerability and Exposure Models—A Case Study of Croatia

et al. 2020

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Assessing earthquake risk and building vulnerability requires an exposure model. These exposure models quantify the building stock in terms of structural characteristics, spatial location, and occupancy. The most significant exposure parameters are the structural characteristics of buildings, which must be uniformly covered by structural typologies. Structural typologies that take into account the regional specificities of design and construction provide more accurate and reliable exposure models. Despite the long history of earthquake engineering in the Republic of Croatia, the assessment of exposure and vulnerability of buildings is a rather new concept, hindered by the fact that no city in the Republic of Croatia has a database on the number, types, and characteristics of existing buildings. The article presents the creation of a building exposure model for the city of Osijek, points out the problems and concerns that the realization process brings, and details the practical solutions and strategies that have been used to achieve the set goals.

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“…Microzoning maps were first introduced to depict detailed spatial variation in the amplitudes of earthquake shaking due to variations in the site geology 1–4 . It was later recognized that significant additional variation in ground motion is also caused by local soils 5–9 . Thus, it is necessary that both the site soil and site geology are included in the empirical scaling equations of strong ground motion amplitudes 10–13 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4] It was later recognized that significant additional variation in ground motion is also caused by local soils. [5][6][7][8][9] Thus, it is necessary that both the site soil and site geology are included in the empirical scaling equations of strong ground motion amplitudes. [10][11][12][13] In addition, significant spatial variation in seismic hazard is also expected from spatial heterogeneity in the seismicity over various seismic sources and the frequency-dependent attenuation of strong motion amplitudes along the source to the site path.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismic microzoning of the Delhi metropolitan area, India— I: Seismicity modeling

Gupta

Lee

Trifunac

2022

Earthquake Engineering and Resilience

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Seismic activity parameters ( a $a$ and b $b$ values in a Gutenbdataer–Richter relationship, maximum magnitude M max ${M}_{\max }$, and predominant focal depths H $H$) have been estimated for a grid of square cells of size 0.1° in latitudes and longitudes covering a large region bound by 24°−33°N and 72°−82°E to define input seismicity for microzoning of the Delhi metropolitan area. For this purpose, seven area types of seismic sources are first identified from a detailed seismotectonic evaluation of the region. Two of these sources form part of the Northwestern Himalaya and the remaining five encompass the intraplate area including and surrounding the National Capital Region. The seismic activity parameters are then estimated for each source zone by compiling a comprehensive catalog of 4483 past earthquakes with magnitudes of 2.0 or more covering the 1720–2020 period. All the grid cells in each source are initially assigned the same values of parameters b $b$, M max ${M}_{\max }$, and H $H$ as those for the source zone; whereas parameter a $a$ has been redefined for each grid cell using the cumulative occurrence rate of earthquakes above the minimum magnitude of completeness for the source zone. To account for possible uncertainties in past earthquake locations, values of the activity parameters thus assigned to all the grid cells in the region are spatially smoothed using an elliptical Gaussian kernel with a major axis along the predominant strike direction for the source zone of each grid cell. The grid cells across the source zone boundaries are also included in the smoothing process to normalize the effects of any subjectivity introduced in defining the source zone boundaries. Our estimations of seismic activity parameters thus obtained can be considered in the development of a robust and physically realistic seismicity model for practical engineering applications, which was made possible by our use of a sufficiently long duration of the earthquake catalog along with complete reporting of data up to magnitudes very close to the expected maximum magnitude in each source zone. We have also estimated the seismic activity parameters for the Hindu Kush subduction zone, which is then idealized by a point source.

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Seismic microzoning in Skopje, Macedonia

Cited by 22 publications

References 44 publications

A Contribution to a UHS-Based Seismic Risk Assessment in Croatia—A Case Study for the City of Osijek

A Contribution to a UHS-Based Seismic Risk Assessment in Croatia—A Case Study for the City of Osijek

Development of Seismic Vulnerability and Exposure Models—A Case Study of Croatia

Seismic microzoning of the Delhi metropolitan area, India— I: Seismicity modeling

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