Seismic landslide analysis: Gurpinar (Istanbul) as a case history

Landslide Investigation Using Seismic Refraction Tomography Method: A Review

“…2016)), a lower percentage (15%) applied explosives (Havenith et al, 2000;Heincke et al, 2010;Jongmans et al, 2009;Samyn et al, 2012;Solberg et al, 2012); 15% considered the combined sources, i.e., explosives, handy hammer and weight-drop (Ferrucci et al, 2000;Havenith et al, 2002;Jacob et al, 2018;Mauritsch et al, 2000;Wang et al, 2016); and there is no information regarding a signal supplier for 17% (Fig. 4) (Bekler et al, 2011;Capizzi and Martorana, 2014;Kul Yahşi and Ersoy, 2018;Ozcep et al, 2012;Sompotan et al, 2013;Yilmaz and Kamaci, 2018). Figure 5 shows the comparison among the power spectra for a sledgehammer, weightdrop, and dynamite.…”

“…) and higher values in landslide bedrock (Bichler et al, 2004;Jongmans et al, 2009;Uhlemann et al, 2016). In most studies carried out in landslide areas using SRT, the first break collected included P-wave data (Armstrong et al, 2011;Bekler et al, 2011;Capizzi and Martorana, 2014;Donohue et al, 2012;Ferrucci et al, 2000;Göktürkler et al, 2008;Grit and Kanli, 2016;Havenith et al, 2002;Havenith et al, 2000;Heincke, 2005;Imani, 2020;Imani and Tian, 2018;Jacob et al, 2018;Karslı et al, 2017;Mezerreg et al, 2019;Nwankwo and Ugbena, 2019;Ostrowski and Lasocki, 2018;Otto and Sass, 2006;Samyn et al, 2012;Travelletti et al, 2010;Vanlı Senkaya et al, 2019;Zainal Abidin et al, 2012); however, some literature supplemented the landslide studies using S-wave refractions (Bichler et al, 2004;Jongmans et al, 2009;Ozcep et al, 2012;Uhlemann et al, 2016;Yilmaz and Kamaci, 2018).…”

“…They are triggered by different mechanisms (e.g., typhoons, precipitation, and earthquakes) (Heincke, 2005). Most of them occur on unstable slopes caused by meteorological events that increase the probability of slope failures (Göktürkler et al, 2008;Imani et al, 2021a;Imani et al, 2021b;Kul Yahşi and Ersoy, 2018;Ozcep et al, 2012;Samyn et al, 2012;Yilmaz and Kamaci, 2018). The detection and characterization of landslide bodies require a multidisciplinary method based on combined geotechnical techniques, geophysical surveys, geological setting investigations, groundbased approaches, and airborne approaches.…”

“…The application of near-surface geophysical techniques has extensively increased. These methods can give reliable results obtained from the slope with a non-invasive, quick, and user-friendly technology (Al-Saigh and Al-Dabbagh, 2010;Bekler et al, 2011;Bichler et al, 2004;Capizzi and Martorana, 2014;Chen et al, 2019b;Donohue et al, 2012;Ferrucci et al, 2000;Göktürkler et al, 2008;Grit and Kanli, 2016;Havenith et al, 2002;Havenith et al, 2000;Imani et al, 2021a;Imani et al, 2021b;Jacob et al, 2018;Jongmans et al, 2009;Jongmans and Garambois, 2007;Karslı et al, 2017;Kim et al, 2011;Kul Yahşi and Ersoy, 2018;Mauritsch et al, 2000;Mezerreg et al, 2019;Ng et al, 2015;Nwankwo and Ugbena, 2019;Otto and Sass, 2006;Ozcep et al, 2012;Samyn et al, 2012;Solberg et al, 2012;Tomás et al, 2018;Travelletti et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2016;Yilmaz and Kamaci, 2018).…”