Seismic interferometry of railroad induced ground motions: body and surface wave imaging

Quiros, D. A.; Brown, L. D.; Kim, Doyeon

doi:10.1093/gji/ggw033

Cited by 91 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Previous studies suggest that train-induced signals may be used to infer the medium's shallow attenuation properties (Fuchs and Bokelmann, 2018) or for interferometric structural imaging purposes (Nakata et al, 2011;Quiros et al, 2016;Dou et al, 2017). In this study, we show that cultural noise sources in Anza probe depths intermediate to the depth ranges accessible to borehole and conventional seismic investigations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Sources of Long‐Range Anthropogenic Noise in Southern California and Implications for Tectonic Tremor Detection

Inbal

Cristea‐Platon

Ampuero

et al. 2018

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

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We study anthropogenic noise sources seen on seismic recordings along the central section of the San Jacinto fault near Anza, southern California. The strongest signals are caused by freight trains passing through the Coachella Valley north of Anza. Train-induced transients are observed at distances of up to 50 km from the railway, with durations of up to 20 min, and spectra that are peaked between 3 and 5 Hz. Additionally, truck traffic through the Coachella Valley generates a sustained hum with a similar spectral signature as the train transients but with lower amplitude. We also find that wind turbine activity in northern Baja California introduces a seasonal modulation of 1-to 5-Hz energy across the Anza network. We show that the observed train-generated transients can be used to constrain shallow attenuation structure at Anza. Using the results from this study as well as available borehole data, we further evaluate the performance of approaches that have been used to detect nonvolcanic tremor at Anza. We conclude that signals previously identified as spontaneous tremor (Hutchison and Ghosh, 2017) were probably generated by other nontectonic sources such as trains.Electronic Supplement: Seismograms during a transient, decomposition of the large amplitude signal into sequences of repeating patterns, detection statistics in the two stages of the tremor search procedure, velocity amplitude spectra of transients from two collocated borehole-surface station pairs, median weekday-night spectra for all stations in the Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO) Anza network, time variations of root mean square (rms) velocity for all stations in the PBO Anza network, cumulative population and kilometers of railroad on which the allowed speed for freight trains exceeds 50 mph, envelopes of vertical ground motions as a function of time, vertical ground motions recorded by the Anza borehole stations, and spectrograms of vertical ground motion and corresponding wind speeds.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Sources of Long‐Range Anthropogenic Noise in Southern California and Implications for Tectonic Tremor Detection

Inbal

Cristea‐Platon

Ampuero

et al. 2018

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

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“…Seismic installations usually avoid sites near railways, and distances of several kilometers between railways and seismic stations are generally recommended (Trnkoczy et al, 2012;Plenkers et al, 2015). A few seismological studies try to utilize train vibrations, for example, as active sources for subsurface imaging (Nakata et al, 2011;Quiros et al, 2016) but do not focus on the characteristics of the train signal itself.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, their study does not elaborate on the specific characteristics of the train signals themselves. Both Chen et al (2004) and Quiros et al (2016) observe sharp and equidistant peaks in the spectrum of the heavy freight train vibrations but do not attempt to explain them further.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equidistant Spectral Lines in Train Vibrations

Fuchs

Bokelmann

2017

Seismological Research Letters

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We analyze in detail the seismic vibrations generated by trains, measured at distance from the track with high sensitivity broadband sensors installed for the AlpArray project. The geometrical restrictions of the network resulted in a number of instruments deployed in the vicinity of railway lines. On seismic stations within 1.5 km of a railway, we observe characteristic seismic signals that we can relate to the passage of trains. All train signals share a characteristic feature of sharp equidistant spectral lines in the entire 2-40 Hz frequency range. For a site located 300 m from a busy track, frequency spacing is between 1 and 2 Hz and relates to train speed. The spectrograms of individual trains show acceleration and deceleration phases that match well with the expected driving profile for different types of trains. We discuss possible mechanisms responsible for the strikingly equidistant spectral lines. We search for Doppler effects and compare the observations with theoretically expected values. Based on cepstrum analysis, we suggest quasistatic axle load by consecutive bogies as the dominant mechanism behind the 1-2 Hz line spacing. The striking feature of the equidistant spectral lines within the train vibrations renders them outstanding seismic sources which may have potential for seismic imaging and attenuation studies. Electronic Supplement: Figures showing the seismic station distribution and examples of Doppler effect visible in the spectrograms.

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“…As a result of analyzing the virtual common-source panels in the first step of TWEED, the detection is limited to the strongest transient source acting in a given short time period. For detecting weaker sources, the raw noise recordings should be subjected to simple amplitude normalization (e.g., trace balancing; Draganov et al, 2007) together with band-pass filtering to enhance the desired type of an event (Draganov et al, 2009;Quiros et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic 3D illumination-diagnosis method for large-N arrays: Robust data scanner and machine-learning feature provider

et al. 2019

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Automatic 3D illumination-diagnosis method for large-N arrays: robust data scanner and machine-learning feature provider Chamarczuk, M.; Malinowski, M.; Nishitsuji, Yohei; Thorbecke, Jan Willem; Koivisto, E.; Heinonen, S.; Juurela, S.; Mężyk, M.; Draganov, Deyan ABSTRACTThe main issues related to passive-source reflection imaging with seismic interferometry are inadequate acquisition parameters for sufficient spatial wavefield sampling and vulnerability of surface arrays to the dominant influence of the omni-present surface-wave sources.Additionally, long recordings provide large data volumes that require robust and efficient processing methods. We address these problems by developing a two-step wavefield evaluation and detection method (TWEED) of body waves in recorded ambient noise. TWEED evaluates the spatio-temporal characteristics of noise recordings by simultaneous analysis of adjacent receiver lines. We test our method on synthetic data representing transient ambient-noise sources at the surface and in the deeper subsurface. We discriminate between basic types of seismic events by using three adjacent receiver lines. Subsequently, we apply TWEED to 600 hours of ambient noise acquired with ~1000-receiver array deployed over an active underground mine in Eastern Finland. We demonstrate detection of body-wave events related to mine blasts and other routine mining activities using a representative one-hour noise panel.Using TWEED, we successfully detect 1093 body-wave events in the full data set. To increase the computational efficiency, we use slowness parameters derived from the first step of TWEED as input to a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. Using this approach, we detect 94 percent of the TWEED-evaluated body-wave events indicating the possibility to limit the illumination analysis to only one step and therefore increase the time efficiency at the price of lower detection rate. However, TWEED on a small volume of the recorded data followed by SVM on the rest of the data could be efficiently used for a quick and robust (real-time) scanning for body-wave energy in large data volumes for subsequent application of seismic interferometry for retrieval of reflections.

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Seismic interferometry of railroad induced ground motions: body and surface wave imaging

Cited by 91 publications

References 67 publications

Sources of Long‐Range Anthropogenic Noise in Southern California and Implications for Tectonic Tremor Detection

Sources of Long‐Range Anthropogenic Noise in Southern California and Implications for Tectonic Tremor Detection

Equidistant Spectral Lines in Train Vibrations

Automatic 3D illumination-diagnosis method for large-N arrays: Robust data scanner and machine-learning feature provider

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