Equidistant Spectral Lines in Train Vibrations

Fuchs, Florian; Bokelmann, Götz

doi:10.1785/0220170092

Cited by 52 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This is a simple model that does not account for attenuation but it clearly shows that, under typical moving train conditions, this source radiates a high level of body waves in the frequency band of interest above 1 Hz. These modeling results are in agreement with field observations from Fuchs and Bokelmann () and C. Li et al (). A full description and illustration of modeling results including a comparison with seismic radiations from car/truck traffic will be described in a companion paper.…”

Section: Equivalent Magnitude and Spectral Characteristics Of Train‐rsupporting

confidence: 91%

Train Traffic as a Powerful Noise Source for Monitoring Active Faults With Seismic Interferometry

Brenguier

Boué

Ben‐Zion

et al. 2019

Geophysical Research Letters

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Laboratory experiments report that detectable seismic velocity changes should occur in the vicinity of fault zones prior to earthquakes. However, operating permanent active seismic sources to monitor natural faults at seismogenic depth is found to be nearly impossible to achieve. We show that seismic noise generated by vehicle traffic, and especially heavy freight trains, can be turned into a powerful repetitive seismic source to continuously probe the Earth's crust at a few kilometers depth. Results of an exploratory seismic experiment in Southern California demonstrate that correlations of train‐generated seismic signals allow daily reconstruction of direct P body waves probing the San Jacinto Fault down to 4‐km depth. This new approach may facilitate monitoring most of the San Andreas Fault system using the railway and highway network of California.

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Section: Equivalent Magnitude and Spectral Characteristics Of Train‐rsupporting

confidence: 91%

Train Traffic as a Powerful Noise Source for Monitoring Active Faults With Seismic Interferometry

Brenguier

Boué

Ben‐Zion

et al. 2019

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…Previous studies suggest that train-induced signals may be used to infer the medium's shallow attenuation properties (Fuchs and Bokelmann, 2018) or for interferometric structural imaging purposes (Nakata et al, 2011;Quiros et al, 2016;Dou et al, 2017). In this study, we show that cultural noise sources in Anza probe depths intermediate to the depth ranges accessible to borehole and conventional seismic investigations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Sources of Long‐Range Anthropogenic Noise in Southern California and Implications for Tectonic Tremor Detection

Inbal

Cristea‐Platon

Ampuero

et al. 2018

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

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We study anthropogenic noise sources seen on seismic recordings along the central section of the San Jacinto fault near Anza, southern California. The strongest signals are caused by freight trains passing through the Coachella Valley north of Anza. Train-induced transients are observed at distances of up to 50 km from the railway, with durations of up to 20 min, and spectra that are peaked between 3 and 5 Hz. Additionally, truck traffic through the Coachella Valley generates a sustained hum with a similar spectral signature as the train transients but with lower amplitude. We also find that wind turbine activity in northern Baja California introduces a seasonal modulation of 1-to 5-Hz energy across the Anza network. We show that the observed train-generated transients can be used to constrain shallow attenuation structure at Anza. Using the results from this study as well as available borehole data, we further evaluate the performance of approaches that have been used to detect nonvolcanic tremor at Anza. We conclude that signals previously identified as spontaneous tremor (Hutchison and Ghosh, 2017) were probably generated by other nontectonic sources such as trains.Electronic Supplement: Seismograms during a transient, decomposition of the large amplitude signal into sequences of repeating patterns, detection statistics in the two stages of the tremor search procedure, velocity amplitude spectra of transients from two collocated borehole-surface station pairs, median weekday-night spectra for all stations in the Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO) Anza network, time variations of root mean square (rms) velocity for all stations in the PBO Anza network, cumulative population and kilometers of railroad on which the allowed speed for freight trains exceeds 50 mph, envelopes of vertical ground motions as a function of time, vertical ground motions recorded by the Anza borehole stations, and spectrograms of vertical ground motion and corresponding wind speeds.

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“…The results of this study demonstrate that seismic arrays can be used to detect and quantify flight parameters of aircrafts (these should include low flying and stealth airplanes that evade radar detection). The presented results contribute to the growing recognition of different types of surface and atmospheric events (e.g., car traffic, trains, storms, wind turbines, and air traffic) producing signals that are contained in observed seismograms (e.g., Eibl et al, ; Fuchs & Bokelmann, ; Neuffer & Kremers, ; Salvermoser et al, ; Tanimoto & Valovcin, ). In the study area near Anza California, the total duration of air traffic signals (> 7% of the day) is likely larger than the duration covered by earthquake signals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Characteristics of Airplanes and Helicopters Recorded by a Dense Seismic Array Near Anza California

Meng

Ben‐Zion

2018

JGR Solid Earth

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We observe frequent air traffic events in continuous seismic waveforms recorded for about 30 days by 1,108 vertical geophones in a tight array on the San Jacinto fault zone. The waveforms of the air traffic events resemble tremor or collections of small earthquakes. However, time‐frequency analysis reveals clear Doppler effects that can be modeled with basic equations and fitted well with parameters corresponding to airplanes and helicopters. The flying traces can be inverted by fitting the parameters at each station across the entire array. About 31 air traffic events are detected per day in the relatively remote study area, with peak activity from about 8:00 to 18:00 and significantly fewer events between 23:00 and 4:00 local time. The average event duration is about 200 s, so they cover together >7% of the day. To estimate the total time covered by earthquakes, we derive a scaling relation logτ(M) = 0.41M + 0.89 between earthquake duration and magnitudes using data of 266 earthquakes in the magnitude range 0 ≤ M ≤ 3. The results indicate that in most places, the duration of air traffic events is likely to exceed considerably the total time covered by earthquakes.

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Equidistant Spectral Lines in Train Vibrations

Cited by 52 publications

References 18 publications

Train Traffic as a Powerful Noise Source for Monitoring Active Faults With Seismic Interferometry

Train Traffic as a Powerful Noise Source for Monitoring Active Faults With Seismic Interferometry

Sources of Long‐Range Anthropogenic Noise in Southern California and Implications for Tectonic Tremor Detection

Characteristics of Airplanes and Helicopters Recorded by a Dense Seismic Array Near Anza California

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