Segregation analysis of fat mass and fat-free mass with age- and sex-dependent effects: The Stanislas family study

APOE and TGF- 1 genes are associated with obesity phenotypes

“…45 Two alternative measurements, body fat mass and PFM, are considered phenotypically more homogeneous and more appropriate for obesity research. 47 At the same BMI level, PFM differed between ethnic groups after some covariates were controlled. 48 Since excess body weight consists of not only fat mass but also lean mass, it may also be important to study lean mass.…”

Sex Differences in Heritability of BMI: A Comparative Study of Results from Twin Studies in Eight Countries

“…The mathematical basis for such discrepancies have been described (Allison et al, 2003) and reveal that when non-additive effects (gene-gene or gene-environment interaction) are important, which most likely is the case with BMI, then heritability estimates derived from twin studies are more reliable than those derived from family and adoption studies. Age-and sex-dependent effects have also been reported for fat and fat-free mass (Lecomte et al, 1997), and may contribute to the lower heritability estimates for BMI in family studies. Specifically, age-dependent effects could reflect developmental aspects of obesity whereby greater distances in age between relatives in the same family may be characterized by lower levels of familial resemblance for BMI.…”

Genetic determination of adiponectin and its relationship with body fat topography in multigenerational families of African heritage

“…In addition, considering existing sex differences in adiponectin levels, and reported sex-specific genetic effects for fat and fat-free mass [26], we further estimated the heritability for adiponectin by sex (Table 3). These analyses revealed significant heritability of adiponectin among men (heritability, 34%; P b .05), but not among women.…”