Segregated Spaces and Separated Races: The Relationship Between State-Sanctioned Violence, Place, and Black Identity

Gaynor, Tia Sherèe; Kang, Seong C.; Williams, Brian

doi:10.7758/rsf.2021.7.1.04

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Other scholars have proposed that the racial characteristics of the citizens are important in explaining the use of police violence (De Lint, 2005;Bradford et al, 2017;Kochel, 2020;Cronin & Reicher, 2009;Newburn et al, 2018). In our case, however, the main explanation is not regarding racial profiles or minority groups, as previous research has discussed (Gaynor et al, 2021;Headley et al, 2020). Actually, our findings highlighted the differences in the attitudes toward order as well as the differences in identity and ideology between the SLBs and some types of citizens.…”

Section: Slb Use Of Violence: the Interplay Of Factorscontrasting

confidence: 64%

“…SLBs' use of force against some citizens has a major impact on society. Researchers have discussed the role that race (Gaynor et al, 2021;Headley and Wright II 2020;Wright II andHeadley 2020), institutional logics (Maynard-Moody &Musheno, 2003), and SLBs' intentions (Davidovitz & Cohen, 2022) play in the violence perpetrated by SLBs. We add to this discussion by identifying that no single factor can explain the use of violence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Natural born violence? Understanding street‐level bureaucrats' use of violence: Police officers and protests

Alcadipani¹,

Lotta²,

Cohen

2023

Public Administration Review

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What factors influence street‐level bureaucrats' (SLBs) use of violence? To answer this question, we focus on police officers, a typical example of SLBs, who can lawfully use violence whenever they deem it necessary. Based on ethnographic work among Brazilian police officers dealing with protests, we analyze how violence erupts in the interaction between police officers and protesters. We contribute to the literature by suggesting that no single factor alone can explain the actions of SLBs regarding the use of violence, as previous research has posited. We demonstrate how the interplay between four factors explains the use of violence by SLBs: (1) institutional logic, (2) type of situation, (3) desire for revenge and having fun, and (4) lack of accountability. As such, we propose a more complex account of SLB's use of violence.

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Section: Slb Use Of Violence: the Interplay Of Factorscontrasting

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural born violence? Understanding street‐level bureaucrats' use of violence: Police officers and protests

Alcadipani¹,

Lotta²,

Cohen

2023

Public Administration Review

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“…As the population of officers that have fired their service weapon on the job is approximately 27% (Morin and Mercer 2017 ), the relationship between community geography and demography with risk for Blacks being shot by police is an affirmation of structural racism, regardless of individual level prejudice. We found that the dissimilarity metric used commonly in the literature is the least effective residential segregation metric in differentiating differences in police shootings ratings (Siegel et al 2019 ; Gaynor et al 2021 ). Instead, the strength and consistency of measures of interaction and ethnic diversity suggest that racialized behavior is driven more through engagement and presence than through evenness (or a lack thereof), perhaps mediated through a process of racial incongruence (Gaston et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Differentiating Black and Hispanic: outcome differences of segregated communities and police shootings in the USA, 2015–2020

2022

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Background Police shootings are unevenly spatially distributed, with substantive spikes throughout the USA. While minorities are disproportionately the victims of police force, social or structural factors associated with this distribution are not well understood. The objective of this work was to evaluate police shootings in relation to victim race or ethnicity and residential segregation and racial diversity. Methods Validated crowdsourced data from the Washington Post’s Fatal Force (2015–2020) were linked with census tract-level data from the American Community Survey. Residential minority dissimilarity, interaction, and a racial and ethnic diversity metric were calculated in order to assess the potentially variant importance of evenness in distribution, exposure likelihood, and general representation. Logistic and multinomial regression was used to model associations between segregation and diversity, adjusted for other ecological characteristics. Analyses were stratified by victim race or ethnicity (Black, Asian, or Hispanic). Results Across all races combined, the odds of a police shooting in a particular census tract were associated with non-Hispanic Black dissimilarity (OR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.97, 0.99) and racial and ethnic diversity (1.046, 95% CI 1.044, 1.060). Areas with higher racial diversity had a higher likelihood of having a police shooting event with Black victims (OR = 1.092, 95% CI 1.064, 1.120) or Asian victims (OR = 1.188, 1.051, 1.343) than less diverse areas. Higher non-Hispanic Black interaction was associated with a lower likelihood of having a police shooting event with Black victims (OR = 0.914, 95% CI 0.833, 0.946) than lower interaction areas. Higher Hispanic dissimilarity was associated with a lower likelihood of having a police shooting event with a Hispanic victim (OR = 0.398, 95% CI 0.324, 0.489) than lower dissimilarity areas. Conclusions The variant effects of residential segregation are only seen when victims are analyzed separately by race. There appears to be a protective effect for Hispanic populations in Hispanic communities, while the reverse is true of Black individuals. We urge law enforcement responsible for locations with segregated communities to monitor individual interactions that police have with residents as well as the patterns of frequency and context of those interactions.

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“…Today, not only are children growing up with the consequences of an anti-immigrant presidency but also during the Black Lives Matter Uprising, where the impact of police brutality is palpable by the overrepresentation of police violence toward the Black community (Dreyer et al, 2020; Nix & Lozada, 2021). Although the Black population represents 12.3% of the population, they account for 25% of killings by police from 2013 to 2017 (Gaynor et al, 2021). Given the myriad of challenges and barriers that immigrant children are confronted with, supportive and humanizing spaces in schools and communities are essential.…”

Section: Review Of Literature On Immigrant Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immigrant Children in a Pol(ICE) State

Vega

2022

AERA Open

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Guided by the following questions: (1) What are the experiences of immigrant children attending schools in communities experiencing police brutality and anti-immigrant sentiments? (2) How do middle school children of immigrants visually represent their experiences with legal violence? and (3) What are children’s visions of freedom and community safety in this context?, this article highlights the understudied preadolescent children of immigrants through a 2-year study of a multidisciplinary theater class at a local elementary school in South Central Los Angeles. Data includes child interviews, class observations, artwork, and performance videos, from recently arrived Mexican and Central American children aged 10 to 13 years. Findings reveal how children come to understand policing, reinforcing concepts like “good cop/bad cop,” conflating local police and ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement) agents, but also imagining alternatives for community safety outside of police systems. This work contributes to the fields of immigration, abolitionist education, and ethnic studies, among others, offering new ways of supporting immigrant children through the use of arts-based tools.

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Segregated Spaces and Separated Races: The Relationship Between State-Sanctioned Violence, Place, and Black Identity

Abstract: founded on the principle that all men are created equal, thereby placing value on individual rights and freedoms. In practice, however, the nation began as a slaveholding society (Wil

Cited by 14 publications

References 39 publications

Natural born violence? Understanding street‐level bureaucrats' use of violence: Police officers and protests

Natural born violence? Understanding street‐level bureaucrats' use of violence: Police officers and protests

Differentiating Black and Hispanic: outcome differences of segregated communities and police shootings in the USA, 2015–2020

Immigrant Children in a Pol(ICE) State

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