Segmented Energy Routing for a Modular AC/DC Hybrid System

Wang, Cheng; Li, Xiaohui; He, Peng; He, Liqun; Xue, Yaosuo

doi:10.1109/jestpe.2021.3126794

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…An optimization model of the controller was developed in this study. The vector of decision variables, X, which consists of the dependent and independent variables expressed in (6), is considered to find the optimal solution. X = P g , P w , P c , P inv , P BES , P HES T (6) The vector of accessible and measurable values Y is considered to obtain the optimal voltage magnitude and frequency regulation.…”

Section: Concept Model and Operation Criteria A Algorithm Mathematica...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The upper layer deals with energy calculation, power reference enumeration, and coordination of the optimal operation between different power terminals after evaluating the decision vector X given in (6). The real-time energy and power values can be collected using high-precision sensors and high-speed communication buses based on the measured electrical data.…”

Section: A Upper-layer Control Schemementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, energy storage (ES) technology, such as battery energy storage (BES) and hydrogen energy storage (HES), has been key factors in ensuring grid stability [6], [7], [8]. Various studies and practical demonstrations on the impact of ES units on power systems have been conducted worldwide to enhance poor power quality.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Optimal Grid Supporting Power-to-Gas (GS-P2G) Concept for Grid Voltage and Frequency Regulation

Rusatira¹,

Park²,

Lee³

2023

IEEE Access

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This paper presents an optimal grid-supporting power-to-gas (GS-P2G) control scheme that coordinates the operation of a grid-forming inverter (GFMI), battery energy storage (BES), and hydrogen energy storage (HES) in a power-to-gas (P2G) system. The design aims to optimally maintain the steady state of the active power flow under critical conditions by smoothing the fluctuating power that flows to the grid from renewable energy sources (RES). P2G contributes to procuring hydrogen supply systems in areas with low-density transmission networks and gas-supply infrastructure. For instance, P2G energy could originate from the RES, which would otherwise be curtailed depending on the network constraints. Furthermore, to prevent waste, HES and existing natural gas networks can potentially store and reuse this energy. The GS-P2G control concept enables GFMI to respond rapidly to the intermittency and variability of wind power, cover the power surplus/deficits by charging/discharging the BES, and prevent the grid voltage and frequency from deviating away from the normal ranges. Therefore, the optimized control scheme presented in this article combines the power management system (PMS) and grid support function with an optimization function for highly RES-penetrated areas. The measured experimental results were evaluated and briefly discussed to demonstrate the performance and feasibility of the proposed control scheme.INDEX TERMS Grid forming, grid support, optimal control, power management, power-to-gas. NOMENCLATURE Abbreviations P2GPower to gas GS-P2G Grid supporting power to gas GFM Grid forming GFMI Grid forming inverter RES Renewable energy source SGs Synchronous generators VSG Virtual synchronous generator BES Battery storage system BES-C Battery storage system converter HES Hydrogen storage system HES-CHydrogen storage system converterThe associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Nagesh Prabhu .

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Section: Concept Model and Operation Criteria A Algorithm Mathematica...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Upper-layer Control Schemementioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal Grid Supporting Power-to-Gas (GS-P2G) Concept for Grid Voltage and Frequency Regulation

Rusatira¹,

Park²,

Lee³

2023

IEEE Access

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“…Furthermore, in modular converters the energy recovery in storage bricks requires a topology with 4‐quadrant operating capability to handle the bidirectional power flow. The topics of control [2, 3, 25, 26] and power flow [27–30] of DC‐DC converters have been extensively discussed in the literature. The authors of [31] propose a control of a converter optimised for multiple parameters simultaneously, conceived for a non‐cycling application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power flow control in a modular converter with energy storage

Haugen,

Papastergiou,

Peftitsis

2023

IET Power Electronics

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Using modularized power converters with scalable energy storage in particle accelerators can be further enhanced with controls that can be adapted to optimise different design targets, such as to minimise the front‐end stage peak current, the depth of discharge of electrolytic capacitors or the thermal cycling of semiconductors. This paper proposes a control system that is able to individually adjust the power flow of the converter modules under pre‐defined load profiles, and hence separates the use of energy storage and grid connection even under rapid cycling. The paper briefly summarises the characteristics of the modular converter and proposes four energy control strategies that have been validated by simulation as well as experimentally on a 800 kW full scale prototype. It is shown that by applying each strategy, the corresponding design objectives can be achieved, for example, optimal utilisation of the energy storage systems or minimised current stress in the semiconductors.

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