Segmental Bioimpedance Variables in Association With Mild Cognitive Impairment

Abstract

ObjectiveTo examine the changes in body composition, water compartment, and bioimpedance in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) individuals.MethodsWe obtained seven whole-body composition variables and seven pairs of segmental body composition, water compartment, and impedance variables for the upper and lower extremities from the segmental multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) of 939 elderly participants, including 673 cognitively normal (CN) people and 266 individuals with MCI. Participants’ characteristics, anthropometric information, and the selected BIA variables were described and statistically compared between the CN participants and those with MCI. The correlations between the selected BIA variables and neuropsychological tests such as the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination and Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery – Second Edition were also examined before and after controlling for age and sex. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses with estimated odds ratios (ORs) were conducted to investigate the associations between these BIA variables and MCI prevalence for different sexes.ResultsParticipants with MCI were slightly older, more depressive, and had significantly poorer cognitive abilities when compared with the CN individuals. The partial correlations between the selected BIA variables and neuropsychological tests upon controlling for age and sex were not greatly significant. However, after accounting for age, sex, and the significant comorbidities, segmental lean mass, water volume, resistance, and reactance in the lower extremities were positively associated with MCI, with ORs [95% confidence interval (CI)] of 1.33 (1.02–1.71), 1.33 (1.03–1.72), 0.76 (0.62–0.92), and 0.79 (0.67–0.93), respectively; with presumably a shift of water from the intracellular area to extracellular space. After stratifying by sex, resistance and reactance in lower extremities remained significant only in the women group.ConclusionAn increase in segmental water along with segmental lean mass and a decrease in body cell strength due to an abnormal cellular water distribution demonstrated by reductions in resistance and reactance are associated with MCI prevalence, which are more pronounced in the lower extremities and in women. These characteristic changes in BIA variables may be considered as an early sign of cognitive impairment in the elderly population.

Segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis for Korean older population with cold pattern

“…In the data preprocessing, participants who had non-random missing data ( n = 18) and extreme results (sparse data points above or below three times the interquartile range were considered extreme points) for any parameter ( n = 8) were excluded from the analysis. According to the principle of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis, correct impedance measurements should have lower values for higher frequencies (i.e., impedance at 1 kHz is greater than impedance at 5 kHz); therefore, observations that did not follow this pattern were excluded ( n = 91) ( 31 ). All of the participants answered the cold heat pattern questionnaire and were accordingly classified into the CP or non-CP groups.…”

“…As peripheral regions such as the arm and leg have appreciable variances, whereas the vital central organs are strongly resisted by thermoregulatory mechanisms ( 35 ), the segmental variables for the body trunk were ignored in the analysis. Using these extremity bioimpedance variables, we computed the upper (lower) extremities variables by averaging the corresponding variables in the right and left arms (legs) as suggested in our previous publication ( 31 ). In this study, two R ratio variables for the upper and lower extremities (i.e., Ri_Re_upper and Ri_Re_lower) were computed such that the R ratio was the difference between the R at 250 kHz and that at 5 kHz divided by the R at 5 kHz ( Supplementary Table 1 ) ( 26 , 36 ).…”

“…In addition, segmental BIA evaluates the body segmentally by considering the arms, legs, and trunk as five separate cylinders, and provides R, Xc, and PA measurements for each segment independently (Inbody S10 User's Manual) (29). Previous studies on various diseases among older people suggested different relations with segmental bioimpedance variables between the upper and lower extremities (30,31). Therefore, examining the segmental R, Xc, and PA in the upper and lower extremities may provide an insight as to how these values alter in persons with prolonged CP or cold hypersensitivity symptoms, especially in the hands and feet.…”

A screening method for mild cognitive impairment in elderly individuals combining bioimpedance and MMSE

“…Furthermore, a study reported positive correlations between muscle mass percentage and cognitive function measures such as attention and executive function ( Crespillo-Jurado et al, 2019 ). Recent research has also revealed associations between MCI and increased segmental water and lean mass in the lower extremities, as well as decreased resistance and reactance in the lower extremities ( Doan et al, 2022b ).…”

Evaluation of Adults’ Acumen with Quantified Anthropometric Indices

“…For example, F. A. Author is with the to attain chemical and neurological balance inside human body [3][4][5]. Which implies the chances of hormone impelled indices to be indicators of human acumen.…”