Road safety issue has become a major concern worldwide due to the serious consequences of road accidents on countries socio-economics and human lives. The main aim of this paper is to discuss and review the effects of geometric design elements on road accidents including statistical models used over the years and to compare the outcomes of the studies conducted in several countries. A way to improve road safety is improving road geometric design to mitigate accidents occurrence and severity on roadways. In order to improve the road design, it is crucial to evaluate and define the relationship between road geometric design elements and road accidents. Studies have tried to relate road geometric design elements such as lane number, sight distance, super-elevation, median width and type, lane and shoulder width, curve radius, gradient, and horizontal and vertical alignments to accident rates. Due to the interrelations between geometric design elements with each other and with other road accident factors, and also lack of reliable methodology of relationship estimation between road geometric design and safety. Ongoing enhancement of statistical methods has resulted in many road design-accidents analysis models which have been developed using a variety of statistical modelling approaches such as linear regression models, multiple linear regression models, Poisson regression models, Poisson-Gamma models, negative binomial models, bivariate and multivariate models, generalized estimation regression models, random parameters models, etc. However, some limitations have been encountered using the mentioned statistical models, thereby there are opportunities for road safety researchers to overcome the limitation challenges.
The condensation of 4-benzyloxybenzaldehyde with S-benzyl dithiocarbazate (SBDTC) in absolute ethanol afforded the Schiff base, S-benzyl-β-N-(4-benzyloxyphenyl)methylene-dithiocarbazate (1). The ligand on further reaction with metal ions in absolute ethanol [for Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II)] and in methanol [Pd(II)] resulted in the formation of the corresponding four coordinate complexes. The ligand and its complexes were characterized by physico-chemical techniques, viz., molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurement, IR, NMR and solution UV/Vis spectroscopic techniques. The complexes demonstrated stronger antibacterial activity than the free ligand indicating that coordination with these metal ions has enhanced biological potential of the ligand. All the compounds exhibited more or less moderate activity against the test organisms.
Bangladesh is a floodplain dominated country. Coastal delta areas of Bangladesh convey multiple impacts of climate change worth-hit. Most of the rivers carry a huge amount of sediment from upstream piedmont area. The river bed rises due to insufficient upstream water supply. Similarly, the deposited sedimentation creates a large number of sandbars inside the river. That's why, water logging and siltation turn into a serious problem in the southwestern region of Bangladesh, especially in Satkhira, Khulna and Jessore district. In the middle of September, 2011 the Tidal River Management (TRM) project approved at the study site for four years to develop the water logging problem with basic consideration of silt management. In this circumstance, this study focused on the consequences of the TRM on water logging in the coastal area of Bangladesh. Primary and secondary data have been used. Geospatial analyses have been used following the NDWI in Arc GIS for water logging area detestation using Landsat Enhance Thematic Mapper (ETM) and Landsat Operational land Image (OLI) satellite images. The geo-spatial analysis denoted, about 5090 acres of agricultural land and about 729 acres of homestead land have been water logged during TRM implementation period.
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