Seeking authenticity in diverse contexts: How identities and environments constrain “free” choice

Aday, Audrey; Schmader, Toni

doi:10.1111/spc3.12450

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…E-3;Byrd, 2017). This view is consistent with the observation that advantaged majority group members inhabit environments that are more likely to be created and maintained by members of the advantaged social group (Aday & Schmader, 2019). Taken together, Whites may structure their environments to reduce incidental intergroup contact both through geographical self-segregation and through institutional segregation which is made possible by Whites' disproportionate access to and control over important institutions within society.…”

Section: Structuring Environments To Reduce Incidental Intergroup Consupporting

confidence: 83%

Structuring Local Environments to Avoid Diversity: Anxiety Drives Whites’ Geographical and Institutional Self-Segregation Preferences

Anicich¹,

Jachimowicz²,

Osborne³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The current research explores how local racial diversity affects Whites’ efforts to structure their local communities to avoid incidental intergroup contact. In two experimental studies (N=509; Studies 1a-b), we consider Whites’ choices to structure a fictional, diverse city and find that Whites choose greater racial segregation around more (vs. less) self-relevant landmarks (e.g., their workplace and children’s school). Specifically, the more time they expect to spend at a landmark, the more they concentrate other Whites around that landmark, thereby reducing opportunities for incidental intergroup contact. Whites also structure environments to reduce incidental intergroup contact by instituting organizational policies that disproportionately exclude non-Whites: Two large-scale archival studies (Studies 2a-b) using data from every U.S. tennis (N=15,023) and golf (N=10,949) facility revealed that facilities in more racially diverse communities maintain more exclusionary barriers (e.g., guest policies, monetary fees, dress codes) that shield the patrons of these historically White institutions from incidental intergroup contact. In a final experiment (N=307; Study 3), we find that Whites’ anticipated intergroup anxiety is one driver of their choices to structure environments to reduce incidental intergroup contact in more (vs. less) racially diverse communities. Our results suggest that despite increasing racial diversity, White Americans structure local environments to fuel a self-perpetuating cycle of segregation.

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Section: Structuring Environments To Reduce Incidental Intergroup Consupporting

confidence: 83%

Structuring Local Environments to Avoid Diversity: Anxiety Drives Whites’ Geographical and Institutional Self-Segregation Preferences

Anicich¹,

Jachimowicz²,

Osborne³

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Sander's application of systems theory to moments of meeting is consonant with Aday and Schmader's ( 69 ) assertion “that authenticity is a subjective signal of fit to one's environment” and is “more often experienced as a state of mind rather than a trait of the person” (p. 2). They add, “the presence of fit and fluency” between the individual and her/his environment “will lead to a sense of authenticity” (p. 3).…”

Section: Implicit Relational Knowing and Authenticitymentioning

confidence: 70%

Knowing and being known: Psychedelic–assisted psychotherapy and the sense of authenticity

Fischman

2022

Front. Psychiatry

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Participants in MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy often emerge from these treatments with new beliefs about themselves and the world. Studies have linked changed beliefs with mystical experiences reported by some participants during drug sessions. While there has been some debate about the epistemic value of drug-induced mystical experiences, and about the need for consent to treatments that may alter metaphysical beliefs, less attention has been given to the sense of authenticity that attends these experiences. In this paper, I consider the intersubjective context in which these changed beliefs arise. I suggest that the sense of authenticity people experience with MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy derives from a simultaneous feeling of knowing and being known. The medications used in these treatments reduce the defensive barriers which ordinarily prevent powerful feelings from being intersubjectively shared, allowing the subject to experience knowing and being known with the therapist and/or internalized or imagined others. In explaining this thesis, I discuss Ratcliffe's “existential feeling;” ipseity in incipient psychosis and psychedelic states; Winnicott's notions of the True Self, omnipotence, creativity, and transitional phenomena; implicit relational knowing and moments of meeting; infant-mother dyad research; predictive processing and the relaxed beliefs model of psychedelic action; the role of the “partner in thought” in knowing and feeling known. I propose that a “transitional space” model of MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is well-suited for working through “not-me” or dissociated experience

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“…First, this research indicates that the less favorable evaluations of men's childcare competence likely disadvantage men interested in childcare work. As nurseries are often set‐up with the understanding that the workers are women, they create a work environment for women to thrive in—to the exclusion of men (Aday & Schmader, 2019; Peeters, 2007; Schmader & Sedikides, 2017). The strong association of “maternal instincts” with good childcare circumvents men's inclusion, neglecting the fact that professional childcare not only requires female‐typed communal qualities (e.g., concern for others, integrity) but also male‐typed agentic qualities (e.g., independence, showing initiative; National Center for O*NET Development, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived to be incompetent, but not a risk: Why men are evaluated as less suitable for childcare work than women

Sczesny

Nater

Haines

2021

J Applied Social Pyschol

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Men are widely underrepresented in early childhood education and care worldwide. Professional childcare is often believed to require communal qualities typically associated with the female gender role, like being sensitive to others' needs. Men's underrepresentation in childcare work likely occurs as a result of the perceived incongruity between communal qualities required for childcare work and agentic qualities associated with men and the male gender role. Using a between‐subjects design, this research examined how personality traits (communal vs. agentic) of people interested in early childcare and their gender (woman vs. man) affect evaluations of their suitability for childcare work. This online experiment further investigated the potential underlying mechanisms—ascribed childcare competence and perceived risk of perpetrating child abuse—and tested whether these explanations contribute to men's less favorable evaluations. Results showed that participants (N = 242) evaluated the communal candidate as more suitable for childcare work than the agentic candidate, and the male candidate as less suitable than the female candidate. Structural equation modeling showed that lower ascribed childcare competence, but not greater perceived risk of perpetrating sexual or physical child abuse, contributed to men's lower perceived suitability. This research provides support for the reasoning that persisting gender stereotypes can hinder men's entry into childcare work, as people discount men's competence and ability to care for children. Moreover, this research suggests that incongruity theories are also valid in the context of men pursuing traditionally female‐dominated communal roles. Practical implications are discussed in relation to strategies for increasing gender diversity in childcare work.

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Seeking authenticity in diverse contexts: How identities and environments constrain “free” choice

Cited by 17 publications

References 84 publications

Structuring Local Environments to Avoid Diversity: Anxiety Drives Whites’ Geographical and Institutional Self-Segregation Preferences

Structuring Local Environments to Avoid Diversity: Anxiety Drives Whites’ Geographical and Institutional Self-Segregation Preferences

Knowing and being known: Psychedelic–assisted psychotherapy and the sense of authenticity

Perceived to be incompetent, but not a risk: Why men are evaluated as less suitable for childcare work than women

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