Seed evolution: parental conflicts in a multi-generational household

Pires, Nuno D.

doi:10.1515/bmc-2013-0034

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…To allow for successful seed development, a precise coordination of development of the embryo, endosperm, and also the seed coat is required. In most species also the maintenance of precise ratios of parental contributions and controlled activation of maternal or paternal alleles for certain regulators of seed development by imprinting is critical [148]. During sexual plant reproduction, double fertilization of the two female gametes (egg cell and central cell) with the two sperm cells initiates formation of the embryo and its nourishing tissue, the endosperm ( Figure 3B).…”

Section: Regulation Of Seed Development In Apomicts Might Require Botmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling Apomixis: Shared Features and Distinct Characteristics of Gene Regulation

Schmidt

2020

Genes

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In higher plants, sexual and asexual reproduction through seeds (apomixis) have evolved as alternative strategies. As apomixis leads to the formation of clonal offspring, its great potential for agricultural applications has long been recognized. However, the genetic basis and the molecular control underlying apomixis and its evolutionary origin are to date not fully understood. Both in sexual and apomictic plants, reproduction is tightly controlled by versatile mechanisms regulating gene expression, translation, and protein abundance and activity. Increasing evidence suggests that interrelated pathways including epigenetic regulation, cell-cycle control, hormonal pathways, and signal transduction processes are relevant for apomixis. Additional molecular mechanisms are being identified that involve the activity of DNA- and RNA-binding proteins, such as RNA helicases which are increasingly recognized as important regulators of reproduction. Together with other factors including non-coding RNAs, their association with ribosomes is likely to be relevant for the formation and specification of the apomictic reproductive lineage. Subsequent seed formation appears to involve an interplay of transcriptional activation and repression of developmental programs by epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. In this review, insights into the genetic basis and molecular control of apomixis are presented, also taking into account potential relations to environmental stress, and considering aspects of evolution.

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Section: Regulation Of Seed Development In Apomicts Might Require Botmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling Apomixis: Shared Features and Distinct Characteristics of Gene Regulation

Schmidt

2020

Genes

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“…Imprinted genes of plants have been associated with endosperm development, and specifically with the cellularization process (Gehring et al, 2004;Gehring, 2013;Pires, 2014). Given the impact of heat stress on endosperm development in general and specifically on endosperm cellularization, we explored our data set to gain insights into the thermal sensitivity of putative imprinted genes in rice.…”

Section: Heat Stress Misregulates Putative Imprinted Genes In Ricementioning

confidence: 99%

“…An important finding in this field was the discovery that the POLYCOMB-REPRESSIVE COMPLEX2 (PRC2), which catalyzes the trimethylation of histone H3 at Lys-27, an epigenetic mark associated with gene silencing, is essential for the transition from the syncytial stage to endosperm cellularization (Pires, 2014;Mozgova and Hennig, 2015). FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT SEED (FIS)-PRC2, composed of MEDEA (MEA), FIS2, and FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM (FIE), functions during early seed development.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the PRC2 member genes, several type I MADS box genes, some of which are regulated by PRC2, also promote endosperm proliferation or repress endosperm cellularization in Arabidopsis (Walia et al, 2009;Pires, 2014). For instance, seeds deficient in AGL62 exhibit accelerated endosperm cellularization, suggesting a role for AGL62 in suppressing the initiation of cellularization (Kang et al, 2008).…”

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Heat stress yields a unique MADS box transcription factor in determining seed size and thermal sensitivity

et al. 2016

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Early seed development events are highly sensitive to increased temperature. This high sensitivity to a short-duration temperature spike reduces seed viability and seed size at maturity. The molecular basis of heat stress sensitivity during early seed development is not known. We selected rice (Oryza sativa), a highly heat-sensitive species, to explore this phenomenon. Here, we elucidate the molecular pathways that contribute to the heat sensitivity of a critical developmental window during which the endosperm transitions from syncytium to the cellularization stage in young seeds. A transcriptomic comparison of seeds exposed to moderate (35°C) and severe (39°C) heat stress with control (28°C) seeds identified a set of putative imprinted genes, which were down-regulated under severe heat stress. Several type I MADS box genes specifically expressed during the syncytial stage were differentially regulated under moderate and severe heat stress. The suppression and overaccumulation of these genes are associated with precocious and delayed cellularization under moderate and severe stress, respectively. We show that modulating the expression of OsMADS87, one of the heat-sensitive, imprinted genes associated with syncytial stage endosperm, regulates rice seed size. Transgenic seeds deficient in OsMADS87 exhibit accelerated endosperm cellularization. These seeds also have lower sensitivity to a moderate heat stress in terms of seed size reduction compared with seeds from wild-type plants and plants overexpressing OsMADS87. Our findings suggest that OsMADS87 and several other genes identified in this study could be potential targets for improving the thermal resilience of rice during reproductive development.

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“…The transition of endosperm from the syncytial to cellularized state is regulated at both the genetic and epigenetic levels and is sensitive to environmental conditions (Folsom et al, 2014). Epigenetic regulation is mediated either by DNA methylation or FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT SEED-POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX2 (FIS-PRC2; Gehring, 2013;Pires, 2014). METHYLTRANSFERASE1 (MET1) predominantly maintains CG DNA methylation, and a cross between met1 as pollen donor and the wild type activates otherwise repressed maternal-specific genes (Finnegan et al, 1996;Genger et al, 1999;Köhler et al, 2012).…”

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MADS78 and MADS79 Are Essential Regulators of Early Seed Development in Rice

et al. 2019

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MADS box transcription factors (TFs) are subdivided into type I and II based on phylogenetic analysis. The type II TFs regulate floral organ identity and flowering time, but type I TFs are relatively less characterized. Here, we report the functional characterization of two type I MADS box TFs in rice (Oryza sativa), MADS78 and MADS79. Transcript abundance of both these genes in developing seed peaked at 48 h after fertilization and was suppressed by 96 h after fertilization, corresponding to syncytial and cellularized stages of endosperm development, respectively. Seeds overexpressing MADS78 and MADS79 exhibited delayed endosperm cellularization, while CRISPR-Cas9-mediated single knockout mutants showed precocious endosperm cellularization. MADS78 and MADS79 were indispensable for seed development, as a double knockout mutant failed to make viable seeds. Both MADS78 and 79 interacted with MADS89, another type I MADS box, which enhances nuclear localization. The expression analysis of Fie1, a rice FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT SEED-POLYCOMB REPRESSOR COMPLEX2 component, in MADS78 and 79 mutants and vice versa established an antithetical relation, suggesting that Fie1 could be involved in negative regulation of MADS78 and MADS79. Misregulation of MADS78 and MADS79 perturbed auxin homeostasis and carbon metabolism, as evident by misregulation of genes involved in auxin transport and signaling as well as starch biosynthesis genes causing structural abnormalities in starch granules at maturity. Collectively, we show that MADS78 and MADS79 are essential regulators of early seed developmental transition and impact both seed size and quality in rice.

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Seed evolution: parental conflicts in a multi-generational household

Cited by 16 publications

References 139 publications

Controlling Apomixis: Shared Features and Distinct Characteristics of Gene Regulation

Controlling Apomixis: Shared Features and Distinct Characteristics of Gene Regulation

Heat stress yields a unique MADS box transcription factor in determining seed size and thermal sensitivity

MADS78 and MADS79 Are Essential Regulators of Early Seed Development in Rice

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