Seed-Corn Maggots as Pests of Coniferous Seedlings in Western Washington1

Breakey, E. P.; Gould, C. J.; Reynolds, Casey

doi:10.1093/jee/38.1.121

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“…Repellent and toxic substances are not always distinct and among those that have been tested are tarred sand, carbolic acid and lime, paraffin and lime, creosote and lime, creosote emulsion, ammonium sulphate, sulphur, bordeaux mixture, carbon bisulphide, carbolic emulsion, potassium cyanide, tobacco dust, chlorpicrin, and a mixture of dichloropropylene and dichlorpropane (D.D.). Some success has followed the use of these dressings (Hawley 1922, Haru-kawa 1933b, Wilford 1940, Breakey 1945) but many are injurious to the seedlings and others unsuited to use on a field scale. Artificial fertilisers such as calcium cyanamide, sulphate of potash, nitrate of soda, acid phosphate, nitrate of potash and dried blood have been used in the rows to protect the seeds from attack and to stimulate growth, but their application frequently resulted in the scorching of the seedlings (Hawley, 1922).…”

Section: Control Of C Cilicruramentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Observations on the Bean Seed Fly (Seed Corn Maggot), Chortophila cilicrura, Rond., and C. trichodactyla, Rond.

Miles

1948

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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In the market gardening areas of south Worcestershire, the heavy annual loss to germinating beans through attacks by larvae of Chortophila cilicrura, Rond., the bean seed fly (seed corn maggot of U.S.A.) has created a demand for control measures, but owing to lack of knowledge of the biology and habits of the flies none could be devised. In Britain the larvae were known to feed in beans in the latter part of May and early June and give rise to flies towards the end of June, but from then until the injury occurred again on beans in the following spring nothing was known of the behaviour of the species. -The field observations described here were undertaken to obtain information on the habits and food-plants of C. cilicrura throughout the year and it was hoped that such information would provide a basis for control measures. Distribution.The occasional occurrence of injury by bean seed fly was noted by Smith (1931) -who drew attention to the existence of this potential pest in widely separated localities in Britain. Since 1931 the Monthly Summary of Insect and Allied Pests occurring in England and Wales (Ministry of Agriculture) has recorded attack by C. cilicrura almost every spring, and the sites of the attacks have shown that the species is widely distributed. In 1932 injury by C. cilicrura was recorded from Devonshire ; in 1933 it was reported from North Wales; in 1935 from Surrey and the west of England; in 1936 from Devon and Cornwall; in 1937 from Worcestershire; in 1938 from Bristol, Worcestershire and Hampshire; in 1939 from Worcestershire and Gloucestershire; in 1940 from Manchester, Reading, Bristol, Wiltshire, Worcestershire, Somerset and Cheshire; in 1941 from Cheshire, north Lancashire, Hampshire, Worcestershire, and Devonshire ; in 1945 from Surrey and other parts of the south-east of England, Birmingham and Shropshire; and in 1946 from Devon and Sussex.References to C. cilicrura in the Review of Applied Entomology show that the insect is widely distributed throughout the temperate zones and that it is of considerable economic importance in Japan and Manchuria and throughout eastern and •western Europe, North America and the West Indies and parts of South America. Species concerned in Attacks on Crops in Britain.The rearing of larvae from germinating beans has shown that two species, C. cilicrura and C. trichodactyla, Rond., are associated in these attacks, and both species have been bred from leeks and spring cabbages. Examination of living larvae has not so far revealed characters by which the larvae of the two species can be distinguished. In the adult stage males of the two species are distinct but females are indistinguishable. In view of the close association of C. cilicrura and C. trichodactyla in the field, the names C. cilicrura and bean seed fly are used in this paper for both species except in sections relating to their relative prevalence and distinguishing characters.The comparison of the prevalence of the two species is based on the numbers of males, and data so far collected suggest th...

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Section: Control Of C Cilicruramentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Observations on the Bean Seed Fly (Seed Corn Maggot), Chortophila cilicrura, Rond., and C. trichodactyla, Rond.

Miles

1948

Bull. Entomol. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Seed-Corn Maggots as Pests of Coniferous Seedlings in Western Washington1

Cited by 1 publication

References 0 publications

Field Observations on the Bean Seed Fly (Seed Corn Maggot), Chortophila cilicrura, Rond., and C. trichodactyla, Rond.

Field Observations on the Bean Seed Fly (Seed Corn Maggot), Chortophila cilicrura, Rond., and C. trichodactyla, Rond.

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