“…Although the Approximate Number System is capable of representing very small numerosities such as 1, 2, or 3 (Cordes & Brannon, 2009a; Cordes, Gelman, Gallistel, & Whalen, 2001), much evidence suggests that infants often represent arrays containing 1, 2, or 3 items in terms of separate individuals rather than as an array with an approximate cardinal value (Feigenson & Carey, 2003; Feigenson, Carey, & Hauser, 2002; Feigenson et al, 2004; Xu, 2003). This would be akin to representing an array containing 3 dots as Object A , Object B , Object C , rather than as “exactly 3” or “approximately 3.” For this reason the above studies are consistent with infants having determined intermodal matches between individual objects and individual sounds or tactile experiences (Jordan, Clark, & Mitroff, 2010), without invoking any numerical representations at all.…”