Sedentary behaviors and risk of depression: a meta-analysis of prospective studies

Abstract

Epidemiological evidence on the association between sedentary behaviors and the risk of depression is inconsistent. We conducted a meta-analysis of prospective studies to identify the impact of sedentary behaviors on the risk of depression. We systematically searched in the PubMed and Embase databases to June 2019 for prospective cohort studies investigating sedentary behaviors in relation to the risk of depression. The pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with random-effect meta-analysis. In addition, meta-regression analyses, subgroup analyses, and sensitivity analyses were performed to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity. Twelve prospective studies involving 128,553 participants were identified. A significantly positive association between sedentary behavior and the risk of depression was observed (RR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.03-1.19, I 2 = 60.6%, P < 0.01). Subgroup analyses revealed that watching television was positively associated with the risk of depression (RR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.07-1.30), whereas using a computer was not (RR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.79-1.23). Mentally passive sedentary behaviors could increase the risk of depression (RR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.08-1.27), whereas the effect of mentally active sedentary behaviors were non-significant (RR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.83-1.15). Sedentary behaviors were positively related to depression defined by clinical diagnosis (RR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.03, 1.14), whereas the associations were statistically nonsignificant when depression was evaluated by the CES-D and the Prime-MD screening. The present study suggests that mentally passive sedentary behaviors, such as watching television, could increase the risk of depression. Interventions that reduce mentally passive sedentary behaviors may prevent depression.

Mental Health First Aid Training: A Study of Community Members’ Pre and Post-training Responses to a 17-Item Questionnaire

“…According to this study, community members' responses improved, mild to significant levels, after MHFA training and substantiated the findings of other researches; evidently patients with mental disorders do not get proper medical care [34][35][36]; exercise helps improvement of mild to moderate anxiety and depression [67][68][69]83]; MH workers should encourage rather than force a patient with mental disorders to seek help in mental health settings [1,[43][44][45][46]; many mental disorders including anxiety disorders, depression and also other disorders improve with non-drug therapies including CBT [39][40][41][52][53][54][55], and remit with antidepressants and anxiolytics [1,50,51]; anxiety and panic disorders do not cause medical diseases but often present with symptoms micking medical diseases [58,59]; strong approval or disapproval of patients aggressive behaviors due to culturally unacceptable lifestyles is against prevailing norms and human rights, and of course prejudiced and stigmatized [1,[43][44][45][46]; exploring non-judgmentally suicidal behavior including indicators of suicide does not increase the risk of suicide rather prevent it [28,[31][32][33][60][61][62]83,84]; immediate discussion and debriefing individuals with acute psychosis due to acute trauma or othe...…”

“…Evidently exercise helps in relieving not only anxiety disorders but diverse mental disorders such as depression, post-partum disorder, eating disorders, substance use disorders, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder [67,68] and conversely sedentary lifestyle leads to anxiety disorders including depression and medical diseases [69]. In this context (S14), trainees' correct responses (A) increased significantly (<0.05), wrong responses (D) increased insignificantly (>0.05) and no significant change was observed concerning DNK responses, which also decreased (>0.05).…”

Sedentary behavior, physical activity, and mental health in older adults: An isotemporal substitution model

“…There has been a shift in the emphasis of national physical activity guidelines toward encouraging people to “sit less and move more” for a number of health benefits, including mental health 12,13 . These recommendations have been based largely on epidemiological evidence 5 . However, the evidence from IS analyses has shown inconsistent findings.…”

“…There is considerable previous evidence demonstrating an association between moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and mental health, including reduced levels of anxiety and depression 3,4 . A systematic review of 12 prospective studies including 128,553 participants reported a significant positive association between SB and the risk of depression 5 . Evidence is accumulating that demonstrates an association between both sedentary behavior (SB) and light‐intensity physical activity (LPA) with mental health, 6,7 though the evidence is inconsistent 8 .…”

Association between device measured and self-reported sitting in relation to depression: the 1970 British Cohort Study

“…Metabolic Equivalents (METs), while in a sitting, reclining or lying posture." [9] The existing evidence is largely based on observational data, [10,11] although evidence from a recent randomised controlled trial observed a significant increase in depressive mood when young physically active adults were placed under experimental sedentary conditions. [12] In most studies SB has been assessed using self-reported methods.…”